scholarly journals Characteristics of Chlamydia suis Ocular Infection in Pigs

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1103
Author(s):  
Christine Unterweger ◽  
Aleksandra Inic-Kanada ◽  
Sara Setudeh ◽  
Christian Knecht ◽  
Sophie Duerlinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Conjunctival Swab ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Chlamydia Suis ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Negative Controls

Chlamydia (C.) suis can often be isolated from conjunctival swab specimens from pigs with conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis. In the field, it is assumed to be a multifactorial disease triggered by immunosuppressing factors. This is the first experimental study to provoke clinical signs of conjunctivitis in pigs after C. suis primary mono-infection. Five six-week-old male piglets, free of ocular chlamydia shedding and seronegative for Chlamydia, were conjunctivally infected with the C. suis-type strain S45 (1 × 109 inclusion forming units), while four piglets served as negative controls. The infection group developed clinical signs of conjunctivitis with a peak in the first week post-infection. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed the presence of Chlamydia not only in the conjunctival epithelium, but also in the enlarged lacrimal glands, lungs, and intestine. No circulating antibodies could be detected during the whole study period of three weeks, although three different test systems were applied as follows: the complement fixation test, MOMP-based Chlamydiaceae ELISA, and PmpC-based C. suis ELISA. Meanwhile, high numbers of IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes within PBMC were seen after C. suis re-stimulation 14 days post-infection. Hence, these data suggest that entry via the eye may not elicit immunological responses comparable to other routes of chlamydial infections.

Experimental oral and ocularEncephalitozoon cuniculiinfection in rabbits

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 1749-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. JEKLOVA ◽  
L. LEVA ◽  
K. KOVARCIK ◽  
J. MATIASOVIC ◽  
V. KUMMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Dose Dependent

SUMMARYEncephalitozoon cuniculiis an obligate intracellular pathogen that has a wide host distribution, but primarily affects rabbits. The aim of this study was to characterize both the cell-mediated and the antibody response in rabbits after experimental infection using 2 different infection routes: oral and ocular. SPF rabbits were infected with low (103spores) and high (107spores) infection doses. Monitored parameters included clinical signs, detection of spores in urine, antibody response detected with ELISA, and cell-mediated immunity detected by antigen-driven lymphocyte proliferation. At week 13 post-infection, half of the rabbits in each group were suppressed by intramuscular administration of dexamethasone. At week 18 post-infection, animals were euthanized. Clinical signs were mild with exacerbation after immunosuppression. Spores in urine and antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity were detected from weeks 5 and 4 post-infection, respectively. Specific IgM was detected 1 week after infection, and IgG antibodies followed 1 week later in rabbits infected with the high dose. Immunological responses were dose dependent. The authors can conclude that both oral and ocular experimental infection withE. cuniculiresulted in an immune response of the infected animals. Rabbits could be used as an experimental model for the study of ocular microsporidiosis.

scholarly journals CD38 Correlates with an Immunosuppressive Treg Phenotype in Lupus-Prone Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11977
Author(s):  
Jocelyn C. Pérez-Lara ◽  
Enrique Espinosa ◽  
Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo ◽  
Héctor Romero-Ramírez ◽  
Gabriela López-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Foxp3 Expression ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Ifn Γ

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by T-cells. It has been reported that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) showed increased CD38+CD25+ T-cells correlating with immune activation and clinical signs. Contrariwise, CD38 deficiency in murine models has shown enhanced autoimmunity development. Recent studies have suggested that CD38+ regulatory T-cells are more suppressive than CD38− regulatory T-cells. Thus, we have suggested that CD38 overexpression in SLE patients could play a role in regulating immune activation cells instead of enhancing it. This study found a correlation between CD38 with FoxP3 expression and immunosuppressive molecules (CD69, IL-10, CTLA-4, and PD-1) in T-cells from lupus-prone mice (B6.MRL-Faslpr/J). Additionally, B6.MRL-Faslpr/J mice showed a decreased proportion of CD38+ Treg cells regarding wild-type mice (WT). Furthermore, Regulatory T-Cells (Treg cells) from CD38-/- mice showed impairment in expressing immunosuppressive molecules and proliferation after stimulation through the T-cell receptor (TCR). Finally, we demonstrated an increased ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 secretion in CD38-/- splenocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 compared with the WT. Altogether, our data suggest that CD38 represents an element in maintaining activated and proliferative Treg cells. Consequently, CD38 could have a crucial role in immune tolerance, preventing SLE development through Treg cells.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of sheep with visna/maedi virus via the conjunctival space

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Niesalla ◽  
Tom N. McNeilly ◽  
Margaret Ross ◽  
Susan M. Rhind ◽  
Gordon D. Harkiss
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Virus Dose ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
First Time

Experiments were performed to determine whether visna/maedi virus (VMV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), could infect sheep via ocular tissues. The EV1 strain of VMV was administered into the conjunctival space of uninfected sheep, and the animals monitored for the presence of provirus DNA and anti-VMV antibodies in blood. The results showed that provirus DNA appeared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all animals within a few weeks of receiving either 106 TCID50 or 103 TCID50 of VMV. Of the animals receiving the higher dose of virus via the conjunctival space, two seroconverted by 7 and 10 weeks post-infection, one seroconverted 8 months post-infection, and one had not seroconverted by 15 months post-infection. With the lower virus dose, the animals infected via the trachea seroconverted by 4 and 14 weeks, respectively. After ocular infection with this dose, one animal showed a transitory seroconversion with low levels of antibody, peaking at 2 weeks post-administration. The remaining three of the animals infected via the eyes did not seroconvert over a period of 13 months. At post-mortem, evidence for the presence of proviral DNA was obtained from ocular tissue, lungs or mediastinal lymph node in both groups of animals. Histological analysis of lung tissue from animals receiving the lower dose of virus showed the presence of early inflammatory lesions. The results thus show for the first time that transmission of VMV can occur via ocular tissues, suggesting that the conjunctival space may be an additional route of natural transmission.

scholarly journals Haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infections in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shirajum Monir ◽  
Md Sabri bin Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zarirah binti Mohamed Zulperi ◽  
Hasliza binti Abu Hassim ◽  
Aslah Mohamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Streptococcus Iniae ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Bivalent Vaccine ◽  
Red Tilapia ◽  
Immunological Responses

Abstract Background Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) are important diseases of tilapia, Oreochromis spp. and causes huge economic losses in aquaculture globally. The feed-based vaccination may be an alternative to minimize major infectious diseases in tilapia. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of a newly developed feed-based killed bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila in hybrid red tilapia. A total of 495 hybrid red tilapia of 61.23±4.95 g were distributed into 5 groups (each with triplicate). The fish were immunized orally through bivalent (combined S. iniae and A. hydrophila ) spray vaccine (BS group), bivalent formulate vaccine (BF group), monovalent S. iniae vaccine (MS group), monovalent A. hydrophila vaccine (MA group) and unvaccinated as a control group. The vaccine was orally administered on days 0, 14 and 42 applied feed-based bacterin at 5% body weight. The blood and spleen samples were collected from all groups on 7, 21 and 49 days post-vaccination, and also 96 hours post-infection to assess their haemato-immune responses. Results Compared with the unvaccinated group, leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts in vaccinated groups were significantly ( P < 0.05) increased on 21, 49 days post-vaccination and also 96 hours post-infection, while erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit in vaccinated groups were significantly ( P < 0.05) enhanced only 96 hours post-infection. Additionally, the lysozyme and phagocytic activity and, serum antibody (IgM) were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) against S. iniae and A. hydrophila in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group in the pre- and post-infection. Results from the challenge through co-infection with S. iniae and A. hydrophila showed the relative percent survival (RPS) in BF group was 76.37±5.14%, which had the capacity to induce significant protection ( P < 0.05) compared to others groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates the bivalent formulate (BF) group could elicit significant non-specific and specific immunological responses with higher protection in hybrid red tilapia. In addition, this newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry.

scholarly journals Development of an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for detection of Brucella abortus and clinical diagnosis of brucellosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Feng ◽  
Liangquan Zhu ◽  
Xiaowei Peng ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Ge Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Somatic Antigen ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Somatic Antigens

Introduction: Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus (B. abortus), is an important zoonosis posing a great risk to both livestock and humans. Currently, most assays for clinical diagnosis of brucellosis have been developed based on serological principles; however, these assays have a number of limitations and disadvantages. Methodology: To address this concern, the aim of this study was to develop a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Towards this end, the stimulating effect induced by different somatic antigens of B. abortus on the secretion of IFN-γ was evaluated. Results: The best antigen candidate, B. abortus strain 2308, able to induce high levels of IFN-γ expression in peripheral blood (PB) cells from cattle, was used for the development of the IGRA. The optimal concentration for stimulation was determined as 1.0×107 CFU/mL. This study demonstrated that IFN-γ was detectable on day 5 post infection (p.i.) and peaked on day 14 p.i.. Finally, the IGRA developed was used for detection of B. abortus in clinical samples, and a higher level of IFN-γ was detected in Brucella-infected samples compared to vaccination samples and negative controls. Conclusions: The optimal somatic antigen for B. abortus was identified and used to establish a robust IGRA. The IGRA developed is suitable for clinical diagnosis of brucellosis, especially in the early stages of infection.

Molecular cloning of enolase from Trichinella spiralis and the protective immunity in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuliang Zhang ◽  
Lixin Xu ◽  
Xiaokai Song ◽  
Xiangrui Li ◽  
Ruofeng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Recombinant Plasmids ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Negative Controls

Abstract Trichinella spiralis, the main pathogen of trichinosis, infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and is one of the most widespread parasites worldwide. For parasites, glycolysis is the most important way to generate energy. Previous studies showed that some enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway play roles in regulation the host immunity. In this paper, enolase from T. spiralis was cloned and the protective potentials were studied. One hundred and sixty ICR mice were divided into four groups and vaccinated with recombinant enolase (pET-ENO), eukaryotic recombinant plasmid encoding enolase (pVAX1-ENO) and negative controls (pVAXl and PBS), respectively. Two weeks after the second immunization, each mouse was challenged orally with 200 muscle larvae (MLs) of T. spiralis. Results showed that mice vaccinated with pET-ENO and pVAX1-ENO induced specific antibodies of IgG, IgA, IgM, but no IgE. Subclasses of IgG antibodies showed that mice immunized with recombinant protein and recombinant plasmids induced a Th1/Th2 immune response. Concentrations of serum cytokines were detected and showed significant increase of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TGFβ1, while IL-17 in each group was not significantly different. Flow cytometric analysis showed significant increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the groups immunized with recombinant protein and recombinant plasmids. Challenge infection demonstrated that immunized groups had a reduced number of worm burdens. The reductions of larvae per gram muscle (LPG) in pET-ENO and pVAX1-ENO group were 17.7% and 15.8% when compared with PBS control.

scholarly journals Safety Profile of a Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Targeting Self-Protein Interleukin-5 in Horses

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigridur Jonsdottir ◽  
Victoria Fettelschoss ◽  
Florian Olomski ◽  
Stephanie C. Talker ◽  
Jelena Mirkovitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Ifn Γ

Background: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an eosinophilic allergic dermatitis of horses caused by type I/IVb reactions against mainly Culicoides bites. The vaccination of IBH-affected horses with equine IL-5 coupled to the Cucumber mosaic virus-like particle (eIL-5-CuMVTT) induces IL-5-specific auto-antibodies, resulting in a significant reduction in eosinophil levels in blood and clinical signs. Objective: the preclinical and clinical safety of the eIL-5-CuMVTT vaccine. Methods: The B cell responses were assessed by longitudinal measurement of IL-5- and CuMVTT-specific IgG in the serum and plasma of vaccinated and unvaccinated horses. Further, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same horses were re-stimulated in vitro for the proliferation and IFN-γ production of specific T cells. In addition, we evaluated longitudinal kidney and liver parameters and the general blood status. An endogenous protein challenge was performed in murine IL-5-vaccinated mice. Results: The vaccine was well tolerated as assessed by serum and cellular biomarkers and also induced reversible and neutralizing antibody titers in horses and mice. Endogenous IL-5 stimulation was unable to re-induce anti-IL-5 production. The CD4+ T cells of vaccinated horses produced significantly more IFN-γ and showed a stronger proliferation following stimulation with CuMVTT as compared to the unvaccinated controls. Re-stimulation using E. coli-derived proteins induced low levels of IFNγ+CD4+ cells in vaccinated horses; however, no IFN-γ and proliferation were induced following the HEK-eIL-5 re-stimulation. Conclusions: Vaccination using eIL-5-CuMVTT induces a strong B-cell as well as CuMVTT-specific T cell response without the induction of IL-5-specific T cell responses. Hence, B-cell unresponsiveness against self-IL-5 can be bypassed by inducing CuMVTT carrier-specific T cells, making the vaccine a safe therapeutic option for IBH-affected horses.

scholarly journals Calves Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Mycoplasma bovis Strains Have Upregulated Th17 Inflammatory and Th1 Protective Responses, Respectively

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao ◽  
Han ◽  
Liu ◽  
Li ◽  
Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Induced Immunity

Mycoplasma bovis is a critical bovine pathogen, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, the virulent HB0801 (P1) and attenuated HB0801-P150 (P150) strains of M. bovis were used to explore the potential pathogenesis and effect of induced immunity from calves’ differential transcriptomes post infection. Nine one-month-old male calves were infected with P1, P150, or mock-infected with medium and euthanized at 60 days post-infection. Calves in P1 group exhibited other clinical signs and pathological changes compared to the other two groups. Transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed seven and 10 hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P1 and P150 groups compared with mock-infected group, respectively. Then, P1-induced pathogenesis was predicted to be associated with enhanced Th17, and P150-induced immunity with Th1 response and expression of ubiquitination-associated enzymes. Association analysis showed that 14 and 11 DEGs were positively and negatively correlated with pathological changes, respectively. Furthermore, up-regulated expression in molecules critical to differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in P1 group was validated at RNA and protein levels. The results confirmed virulent and attenuated strains might be associated with biased differentiation of pro-inflammatory pathogenic Th17 and Th1 subsets respectively.

scholarly journals Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria acervulina modulates the functions of chicken dendritic cells to boost Th1 type immune response and stimulates autologous CD4+ T cells differentiation in-vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakeel Ahmed Lakho ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb ◽  
Jianmei Huang ◽  
Zhang Yang ◽  
Muhammad Waqqas Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Eimeria Acervulina ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Th1 Polarization ◽  
Dc Maturation

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role to amplify antigen-specific immune responses. Antigens that sensitize T cells via antigen-presentation by DCs could enhance the capacity of host immunity to fight infections. In this study, we tested the immunogenic profiles of chicken DCs towards Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria acervulina (EaGAPDH). Immunoblot analysis showed that recombinant EaGAPDH (rEaGAPDH) protein was successfully recognized by rat sera generated against rEaGAPDH. Interaction and internalisation of rEaGAPDH by chicken splenic-derived DCs (chSPDCs) was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. Flow cytometry revealed that chSPDCs upregulated MHCII, CD1.1, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 cell-surface markers. Moreover, mRNA expressions of DC maturation biomarkers (CCL5, CCR7, and CD83) and TLR signalling genes (TLR15 and MyD88) were also upregulated whereas those of Wnt signalling were non-significant compared to negative controls. rEaGAPDH treatment induced IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion in chSPDCs but had no effect on IL-10 and TGF-β. Likewise, DC-T cell co-culture promoted IFN-γ secretion and the level of IL-4 was unaffected. Proliferation of T cells and their differentiation into CD3+/CD4+ T cells were triggered in chSPDCs-T cells co-culture system. Taken together, rEaGAPDH could promote Th1 polarization by activating both host DCs and T cells and sheds new light on the role of this important molecule which might contribute to the development of new DCs-based immunotherapeutic strategies against coccidiosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document