scholarly journals Wild Small Mammals and Ticks in Zoos—Reservoir of Agents with Zoonotic Potential?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Pavlína Pittermannová ◽  
Alena Žákovská ◽  
Petr Váňa ◽  
Jiřina Marková ◽  
František Treml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi S.L

Wild small mammals and ticks play an important role in maintaining and spreading zoonoses in nature, as well as in captive animals. The aim of this study was to monitor selected agents with zoonotic potential in their reservoirs and vectors in a zoo, and to draw attention to the risk of possible contact with these pathogens. In total, 117 wild small mammals (rodents) and 166 ticks were collected in the area of Brno Zoo. Antibodies to the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were detected by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 19% (19/99), 4% (4/99), and 15% (15/99) of rodents, respectively. Antibodies to Leptospira spp. bacteria were detected by the microscopic agglutination test in 6% (4/63) of rodents. Coinfection (antibodies to more than two agents) were proved in 14.5% (15/97) of animals. The prevalence of C. burnetii statistically differed according to the years of trapping (p = 0.0241). The DNAs of B. burgdorferi s.l., Rickettsia sp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected by PCR in 16%, 6%, and 1% of ticks, respectively, without coinfection and without effect of life stage and sex of ticks on positivity. Sequencing showed homology with R. helvetica and A. phagocytophilum in four and one positive samples, respectively. The results of our study show that wild small mammals and ticks in a zoo could serve as reservoirs and vectors of infectious agents with zoonotic potential and thus present a risk of infection to zoo animals and also to keepers and visitors to a zoo.

scholarly journals Limited Diagnostic Capacities of Two Commercial Assays for the Detection of Leptospira Immunoglobulin M Antibodies in Laos

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1166-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. Blacksell ◽  
Lee Smythe ◽  
Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh ◽  
Michael Dohnt ◽  
Rudy Hartskeerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Diagnostic Utility

ABSTRACT The diagnostic utility of immunochromatographic (Leptotek) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Panbio) tests for the detection of Leptospira immunoglobulin M antibodies was assessed in febrile adults admitted in Vientiane, Laos. Both tests demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy using admission serum (Leptotek sensitivity of 47.3% and specificity of 75.5%: ELISA sensitivity of 60.9% and specificity of 65.6%) compared to the Leptospira “gold standard” microscopic agglutination test.

scholarly journals The rK39 Antigen from an Iranian Strain of Leishmania infantum: Detection of Anti-Leishmania Antibodies in Humans and Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Razieh HOSSEINI FARASH ◽  
Mehdi MOHEBALI ◽  
Bahram KAZEMI ◽  
Abdolmajid FATA ◽  
Reza RAOOFIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Recombinant Antigen ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Direct Agglutination Test ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Extended Field

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis in Iran with high mortality rates in the case of inaccurate diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate a new rk39 recombinant antigen from an Iranian strain of Leishmania infantum for diagnosis of VL in humans and dogs. Methods: rK39-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti L. infantum antibodies. We screened 84 human sera and 87 dog sera from clinical cases in the endemic area of Meshkin-Shahr, Iran along with 176 sera from healthy controls (collected from 86 humans and 90 dogs) during 2013 -2016. Results: Using the rK39 ELISA, a sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI, 95-99%) and a specificity of 86.0% (95% CI, 95%-99%) were detected in human sera at a 1:800 (cut-off) titer when DAT-confirmed cases were compared with healthy controls; a sensitivity of 96.6% (95% CI, 95%-99%) and specificity of 94.4% (95% CI, 95%-99%) were found at a 1:80 (cut-off) titer compared with DAT. Kappa analysis indicated agreement between the rK39 ELISA and DAT (0.718) when using human sera at a 1:800 (cut-off) titer as well as (0.910) at a 1:80 (cut-off) titer when using dog sera (P<0.05). Conclusion: New rk39 recombinant antigen from an Iranian strain of Leishmania infantum seems to be used for diagnosis of VL in humans and dogs. Further extended field studies are recommended

scholarly journals Bayesian evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. M. A. Rahman ◽  
S. Smit ◽  
B. Devleesschauwer ◽  
P. Kostoulas ◽  
E. Abatih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Class Model ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Conditional Dependence

AbstractWe evaluated the performance of three serological tests – an immunoglobulin G indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), a Rose Bengal test and a slow agglutination test (SAT) – for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh. Cattle sera (n = 1360) sourced from Mymensingh district (MD) and a Government owned dairy farm (GF) were tested in parallel. We used a Bayesian latent class model that adjusted for the conditional dependence among the three tests and assumed constant diagnostic accuracy of the three tests in both populations. The sensitivity and specificity of the three tests varied from 84.6% to 93.7%, respectively. The true prevalences of bovine brucellosis in MD and the GF were 0.6% and 20.4%, respectively. Parallel interpretation of iELISA and SAT yielded the highest negative predictive values: 99.9% in MD and 99.6% in the GF; whereas serial interpretation of both iELISA and SAT produced the highest positive predictive value (PPV): 99.9% in the GF and also high PPV (98.9%) in MD. We recommend the use of both iELISA and SAT together and serial interpretation for culling and parallel interpretation for import decisions. Removal of brucellosis positive cattle will contribute to the control of brucellosis as a public health risk in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Prevalence ofLeptospiraspp. in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) on UK farms

1995 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Webster ◽  
W. A. Ellis ◽  
D. W. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Silver Staining ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYWild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are frequently implicated in the carriage and spread ofLeptospiraspp. Wild brown rats (n= 259) were trapped from 11 UK farms and tested forLeptospiraspp. using a number of diagnostic tests. The prevalence of leptospiral infection was low, but there was variation in the results obtained with the different diagnostic tests. Estimates of prevalence ranged between 0% by silver-staining of tissues, 1% by the microscopic agglutination test, 4% by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 4% by culture, and 8% by fluorescent antibody technique. In total, 37 (14%) rats were positive by at least one of the tests, which contrasts with the frequently reported prevalences of 50–70% for wild rats in the UK. Serovarbratislavawas as prevalent asicterohaemorrhagiae, although it was present only on farms with larger rat populations.

scholarly journals Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test, and Direct Agglutination Test for Detecting Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Naturally Aborted Ovine Fetuses

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheryl L. Seefeldt ◽  
Clyde A. Kirkbride ◽  
Jitender P. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Direct Agglutination Test ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Special Equipment

Results obtained in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA), and a modified direct agglutination test (MAT) for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies from examination of fetal fluids from 377 aborted ovine fetuses were compared. Sixty-seven samples were positive by MAT (titers 1:16 to > 1:65,536), 58 were positive by ELISA, and 62 were positive by immunoglobulin G-IFA. The MAT was preferred because it required less time, labor, and special equipment. It was simple to run, could be done on serum from any species without modification, and it was more effective than the IFA for detecting toxoplasma antibodies in severely autolyzed fetuses. No advantage was found in determining immunoglobulin M antibodies in ovine fetal sera.

scholarly journals Tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in free living small terrestrial mammals and the risk of infection to humans and animals: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 144-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skoric ◽  
E.J. Shitaye ◽  
R. Halouzka ◽  
P. Fictum ◽  
I. Trcka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals

The present study describes pathogenesis and morphology of tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in small terrestrial mammals, above all, in rodents. The most serious infectious agents that cause tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in these animals are also cited. Besides others, the diseases caused by pathogenic mycobacteria that are members of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>M. avium</i> complexes, <i>M. lepraemurium</i>, tularaemia, brucellosis and salmonellosis are included in the present study.

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