scholarly journals Current Status of Rabies and Its Eradication in Eastern and Southeastern Europe

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Ivana Lojkić ◽  
Ivana Šimić ◽  
Tomislav Bedeković ◽  
Nina Krešić
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Central European ◽  
Free Region ◽  
The Eu

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current status of rabies in Europe, with special emphasis on Croatia and Southeast and East Europe. Due to the systematic implementation of a rabies eradication program by oral vaccination of wild animals, by the end of the 20th century, most West and Central European countries were rabies-free. The EU goal was to eradicate rabies in wildlife and domestic animals by 2020. No matter how achievable the goal seemed to be, the disease is still present in the eastern part of the EU, as was notified in 2020 by two member states—Poland and Romania. Croatia has been rabies-free for the last seven years but given that it borders a non-EU country in which a case of rabies was confirmed in 2020, it will continue to contribute to the maintenance of the rabies-free region. A rabies-free EU can only be achieved by continuous oral vaccination, coordination and a regional approach. The prevention of reintroductions from bordering countries in which rabies has not been eradicated yet, and the support for the eradication efforts made by these countries, are goals still pending.

scholarly journals European Union and Southeastern Europe: A clash of the principle of conditionality and the regional approach

2004 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Nina Wichmann
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
The Eu

The European Union in June 2003 has made it very clear that the principle of conditionality and the regional approach will be the prime instruments of the EU in South East Europe. The author in this article investigates if some of the stipulations about these instruments do hold. The central stipulation is that only in tandem would the principles provide for stability. The author contents that it remains doubtful whether the proclaimed compatibility of the two approaches is given. Rather, competition seems to exist between them. However, if this rivalry is really given and yet the combination of the two principles remains to be the flagship policy of the EU, this may be counter-effective for reaching the desired stabilization and democratization of the region.

Ecological, coenotic and floristic analysis of groups of associations of broadleaved-coniferous forests from central European Russia

2001 ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Zaugolnova ◽  
I. I. Istomina ◽  
E. V. Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Central European ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Floristic Analysis ◽  
Regional Factors

Two computer data bases were formed: reference base «Prodromus» including the nomenclature forest syntaxa and experienced geobotanic releves «Forests of European Russia». Ecological, coenotic and floristic analysis of broadleaved-coniferous forests mostly corresponding to association Rhodobryo rosei – Piceetum abietis Korotkov 1986 was conducted with these bases. Releves (305) from South taiga and broadleaved-coniferous subzone were used. The analysis revealed complex syntaxonomy, bo­real-nemoral character and wide distribution ass. Rhodobryo-Piceetum from central European Russia. Ecolo­gical comparison of this association with some no­men­clature types of broadleaved-coniferous communities in East Europe was carried out. Preliminary prodromus for Euro­pean Russian mixed forests is suggested. Role of ecologi­cal, succession and regional factors was shown for dif­ferentiation of syntaxa.

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings & Buildings Built with Industrialized Technology: The Case of Hungary

2016 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
Attila Talamon ◽  
Viktória Sugár ◽  
Ferenc Pusztai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Structure ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

There is an urgent need nowadays to reduce current levels of GHGs emissions. On the other hand the EU countries are largely dependent on energy imports and are vulnerable to disruption in energy supply which may in turn threaten the functioning of their current economic structure. The EU imported 54% of its energy sources in 2006 and this value was projected to increase even further by 2030. Reducing its import dependency is one of the EU’s main goals of the 20-20 by 2020 target – this legislative package is believed to reduce the expected imports of energy by 26% compared to the development before the 20-20 initiative.One of the most important environmental problems is the energy consumption of the buildings. Current paper shows that buildings built with industrialized technology can deliver large energy and GHG emission reductions at low costs.Only 1-2% part of the building stock is exchanged every year, so it is very important to increase the energy efficiency of the existing buildings, too.Present paper focuses on the buildings built with industrialized technology only, and their potential in nearly zero-energy buildings sector. Up till now the Central European support schemes concentrated most financial resources on buildings built with prefabricated technology. Present paper explains the past and present of the “panel” problem in Hungary with a short outlook to some other countries.

scholarly journals The added value of using the HEPA PAT for physical activity policy monitoring: a four-country comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gelius ◽  
◽  
Sven Messing ◽  
Sarah Forberger ◽  
Jeroen Lakerveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Physical Activity Monitoring ◽  
Physical Activity Policy ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Monitoring Framework ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background Public policy is increasingly recognized as an important component of physical activity promotion. This paper reports on the current status of physical activity policy development and implementation in four European countries based on the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool (HEPA PAT) developed by WHO. It compares the findings to previous studies and discusses the general utility of this tool and its unique features in relation to other instruments. Methods The study was conducted as part of the Policy Evaluation Network (www.jpi-pen.eu) in Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Poland. Data collection built upon information obtained via the EU Physical Activity Monitoring Framework survey, additional desk research and expert opinion. Data analysis employed Howlett’s policy cycle framework to map and compare national physical activity policies in the four countries. Results In all countries under study, policy agenda-setting is influenced by prevalence data from national health monitoring systems, and the sport and/or health sector takes the lead in policy formulation. Key policy documents were located mainly in the health sector but also in sport, urban design and transport. Physical activity programmes implemented to meet policy objectives usually cover a broad range of target groups, but currently only a small selection of major policies are evaluated for effectiveness. National experts made several suggestions to other countries wishing to establish physical activity policies, e.g. regarding cross-sectoral support and coordination, comprehensive national action plans, and monitoring/surveillance. Conclusions This study provides a detailed overview of physical activity policies in the four countries. Results show that national governments are already very active in the field but that there is room for improvement in a number of areas, e.g. regarding the contribution of sectors beyond sport and health. Using the HEPA PAT simultaneously in four countries also showed that procedures and timelines have to be adapted to national contexts. Overall, the instrument can make an important contribution to understanding and informing physical activity policy, especially when used as an add-on to regular monitoring tools like the EU HEPA Monitoring Framework.

scholarly journals Current status of ticks and tick-host relationship in domestic and wild animals from Pantanal wetlands in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (suppl) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado ◽  
João Luiz Horácio Faccini ◽  
Guilherme de Miranda Mourão ◽  
Eliane Mattos Piranda ◽  
Valéria Castilho Onofrio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
Amblyomma Tigrinum

ABSTRACT This is a commented list of tick’s species collected on various wild and domestic animals, including the reports on scientific literature for the studied region. Most of animals were small or medium mammals. Carnivores were the main taxa group examined. Although, the pampas deer ( Ozotocerus bezoarticus) and giant anteater ( Mymercophaga tridactyla) also has a good representation on study. Among domestic animals, dogs, horses and cattle were examined. Summing up, 18 tick species were listed for the region. Sixteen were hard ticks (Ixodidae) and two soft ticks (Argasidae). Amblyomma sculptum was the most common and abundant hard tick. Ornithodoros rostratus (Argasidae) was very abundant, being the more important Argasidae tick on the study region. The following species were colleted or reported on scientific literature: Argas miniatus Koch, 1844; Ornithodoros rostratus Aragão, 1911; Dermacentor nitens Newmann, 1897; Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus Canestrini, 1887; Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844; A. dissimile Koch, 1844; A. ovale Koch, 1844; A. pauvum Aragão, 1908; A. sculptum Berlese, 1888; A. calcaratum Neumann, 1899; A. coelebs Neumann, 1899; A. dubittatum Newmann, 1899; A. scalpturatum Newmann, 1906; A. naponense Packard, 1869; A. nodosum Newmann, 1899; A. pseudoconcolor Aragão, 1908; A. rotundatum Koch, 1844; A. triste Koch, 1844.

scholarly journals Organic livestock in the Republic of Croatia and Europe

Krmiva ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Zvonko Antunović ◽  
Đuro Senčić ◽  
Josip Novoselec ◽  
Danijela Samac ◽  
Željka Klir
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Organic Meat ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the present study was to analyze the situation in organic livestock farming in Croatia and Europe. In the European countries in the year 2017, around 4.5 million cattle, 5.2 million sheep, 1 million pigs and 50 million poultry were registered in organic farming. The highest share of organically registered domestic animals compared to the total population in Europe and the European Union-28 was in cattle (3.5% and 5.2%) and sheep (3.4% and 5.0%), and the lowest in pigs (0.6% and 0.7%). In Croatia the highest share is in sheep (8.57%) and the lowest in poultry (0.02%) number. The largest increase in recent ten years in the EU has been in the number of poultry (by 103%) and the smallest in the number of pigs (by 47.6%), while the increase was the number of cattle and sheep was around 76% and 74%, respectively. In Croatia organic sheep production increased the most (by 65.0%), while the number of cattle and poultry increased by 62 and 64%, and the smallest increase is in the number of pigs (by 24%). The majority of organic meat of all species of domestic animals is produced in France and in United Kingdom, while organic milk is produced mostly in Germany and France. During the year 2018, most organic beef was produced in the UK and France, organic pork in France and Finland, organic sheep meat in Spain and the UK, organic goat meat in Spain, while most of organic poultry was produced in France and in the UK. A significant increase in the number of livestock in organic farming in Europe and in Croatia indicates an increasing interest in organic livestock farming, not only increase of farmers and processors but also increase of consumers of organic products in European countries.

scholarly journals Possible Assessment Method of Green Infrastructure in the Case of Small Town Keszthely, Hungary

Land Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p21
Author(s):  
Vera Iváncsics ◽  
Krisztina Filepné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

Recently the planning of green infrastructure (GI) has become a general practice around metropolis (Paris, München, Budapest, etc). A complex methodology is required that goes beyond the scope of traditional green surface systems. However, there are various policy implications in the EU, the smaller towns are lagging to apply them. The paper presents a potential evaluation method through the case study of Keszthely, HU. As Keszthely at Balaton Riviera, is a popular touristic target of CEE, the environmental planning is an essential part of sustainable development. After a literature analyses of assessment methods of GI and ecosystem services, the aspects of GI have been valued on grade scales, based on field surveys and indicators. The current status of the GI was surveyed which is a base for further development and monitoring activities. The paper introduces the methodology, which contributes to preservation of ecosystems.

scholarly journals Path to European quantum unicorns

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Räsänen ◽  
Henrikki Mäkynen ◽  
Mikko Möttönen ◽  
Jan Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Successful Business ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Quantum Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Future Growth ◽  
The Eu

AbstractQuantum computing holds the potential to deliver great economic prosperity to the European Union (EU). However, the creation of successful business in the field is challenging owing to the required extensive investments into postdoctoral-level workforce and sophisticated infrastructure without an existing market that can financially support these operations.This commentary paper reviews the recent efforts taken in the EU to foster the quantum-computing ecosystem together with its current status. Importantly, we propose concrete actions for the EU to take to enable future growth of this field towards the desired goals. In particular, we suggest ways to enable the creation of EU-based quantum-computing unicorns which may act as key crystallization points of quantum technology and its commercialization. These unicorns may provide stability to the otherwise scattered ecosystem, thus pushing forward global policies enabling the global spread of EU innovations and technologies.The unicorns may act as a conduit, through which the EU-based quantum ecosystem can stand out from similar ecosystems based in Asia and the United States. Such strong companies are required because of the level of investment currently required in the marketplace. This paper suggests methodologies and best practices that can enhance the probability of the creation of the unicorns.Furthermore, we explore future scenarios, in which the unicorns can operate from the EU and to support the EU quantum ecosystem. This exploration is conducted focusing on the steps to be taken and on the impact the companies may have in our opinion.

scholarly journals Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Paweł Mateusz Modrzyński
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Household Appliances

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

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