scholarly journals Equid herpesvirus-1 Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Susanna Samoilowa ◽  
Kim S. Giessler ◽  
Carlos E. Medina Torres ◽  
Gisela Soboll Hussey ◽  
Allison Allum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Equid Herpesvirus ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses worldwide. As member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, latency is key to EHV-1 epidemiology. EHV-1 latent infection has been detected in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), respiratory associated lymphoid tissue (RALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but additional locations are likely. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of viral DNA throughout the equine body. Twenty-five horses divided into three groups were experimentally infected via intranasal instillation with one of three EHV-1 viruses and euthanized on Day 70, post infection. During necropsy, TG, various sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, RALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC of each horse were collected. Genomic viral loads and L-(late) gene transcriptional activity in each tissue and PBMC were measured using qPCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied on neural parenchyma tissue sections. EHV-1 DNA was detected in many neural and lymphoid tissue sections, but not in PBMC. L-gene transcriptional activity was not detected in any sample, and translational activity was not apparent on IHC. Tissue tropism differed between the Ab4 wild type and the two mutant viruses.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Lila M. Zarski ◽  
Patty Sue D. Weber ◽  
Yao Lee ◽  
Gisela Soboll Hussey
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) affects horses worldwide and causes respiratory disease, abortions, and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Following infection, a cell-associated viremia is established in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This viremia is essential for transport of EHV-1 to secondary infection sites where subsequent immunopathology results in diseases such as abortion or EHM. Because of the central role of PBMCs in EHV-1 pathogenesis, our goal was to establish a gene expression analysis of host and equine herpesvirus genes during EHV-1 viremia using RNA sequencing. When comparing transcriptomes of PBMCs during peak viremia to those prior to EHV-1 infection, we found 51 differentially expressed equine genes (48 upregulated and 3 downregulated). After gene ontology analysis, processes such as the interferon defense response, response to chemokines, the complement protein activation cascade, cell adhesion, and coagulation were overrepresented during viremia. Additionally, transcripts for EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 were identified in pre- and post-EHV-1-infection samples. Looking at micro RNAs (miRNAs), 278 known equine miRNAs and 855 potentially novel equine miRNAs were identified in addition to 57 and 41 potentially novel miRNAs that mapped to the EHV-2 and EHV-5 genomes, respectively. Of those, 1 EHV-5 and 4 equine miRNAs were differentially expressed in PBMCs during viremia. In conclusion, this work expands our current knowledge about the role of PBMCs during EHV-1 viremia and will inform the focus on future experiments to identify host and viral factors that contribute to clinical EHM.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of sheep with visna/maedi virus via the conjunctival space

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Niesalla ◽  
Tom N. McNeilly ◽  
Margaret Ross ◽  
Susan M. Rhind ◽  
Gordon D. Harkiss
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Virus Dose ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
First Time

Experiments were performed to determine whether visna/maedi virus (VMV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), could infect sheep via ocular tissues. The EV1 strain of VMV was administered into the conjunctival space of uninfected sheep, and the animals monitored for the presence of provirus DNA and anti-VMV antibodies in blood. The results showed that provirus DNA appeared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all animals within a few weeks of receiving either 106 TCID50 or 103 TCID50 of VMV. Of the animals receiving the higher dose of virus via the conjunctival space, two seroconverted by 7 and 10 weeks post-infection, one seroconverted 8 months post-infection, and one had not seroconverted by 15 months post-infection. With the lower virus dose, the animals infected via the trachea seroconverted by 4 and 14 weeks, respectively. After ocular infection with this dose, one animal showed a transitory seroconversion with low levels of antibody, peaking at 2 weeks post-administration. The remaining three of the animals infected via the eyes did not seroconvert over a period of 13 months. At post-mortem, evidence for the presence of proviral DNA was obtained from ocular tissue, lungs or mediastinal lymph node in both groups of animals. Histological analysis of lung tissue from animals receiving the lower dose of virus showed the presence of early inflammatory lesions. The results thus show for the first time that transmission of VMV can occur via ocular tissues, suggesting that the conjunctival space may be an additional route of natural transmission.

scholarly journals Sodium sulfite (SoS) as decontamination strategy for Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize and its impact on immunological traits in pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-442
Author(s):  
Anh-Tuan Tran ◽  
Jeannette Kluess ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Andreas Berk ◽  
Marleen Paulick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium sulfite (SoS) treatment of maize and its impact on the porcine immune system in the presence of an LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Control maize (CON) and Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize (FUS) were wet-preserved (20% moisture) for 79 days with (+) or without (−) SoS and then included at 10% in a diet, resulting in four experimental groups: CON−, CON+, FUS−, and FUS+ with deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations of 0.09, 0.05, 5.36, and 0.83 mg DON/kg feed, respectively. After 42-day feeding trial (weaned barrows, n = 20/group), ten pigs per group were challenged intraperitoneally with either 7.5 μg LPS/kg BW or placebo (0.9% NaCl), observed for 2 h, and then sacrificed. Blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen were collected for phenotyping of different T cell subsets, B cells, and monocytes. Phagocytic activity and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed in both polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using flow cytometry. Our results revealed that the impact of DON was more notable on CD3+CD4+CD8+ T cells in lymphoid tissues rather than in blood T cells. In contrast, SoS treatment of maize altered leukocyte subpopulations in blood, e.g., reduced the percentage and fluorescence signal of CD8high T cells. Interestingly, SoS treatment reduced the amount of free radicals in basal ROS-producing PMNs only in LPS-challenged animals, suggesting a decrease in basal cellular ROS production (pSoS*LPS = 0.022).

scholarly journals Calves Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Mycoplasma bovis Strains Have Upregulated Th17 Inflammatory and Th1 Protective Responses, Respectively

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao ◽  
Han ◽  
Liu ◽  
Li ◽  
Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Induced Immunity

Mycoplasma bovis is a critical bovine pathogen, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, the virulent HB0801 (P1) and attenuated HB0801-P150 (P150) strains of M. bovis were used to explore the potential pathogenesis and effect of induced immunity from calves’ differential transcriptomes post infection. Nine one-month-old male calves were infected with P1, P150, or mock-infected with medium and euthanized at 60 days post-infection. Calves in P1 group exhibited other clinical signs and pathological changes compared to the other two groups. Transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed seven and 10 hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P1 and P150 groups compared with mock-infected group, respectively. Then, P1-induced pathogenesis was predicted to be associated with enhanced Th17, and P150-induced immunity with Th1 response and expression of ubiquitination-associated enzymes. Association analysis showed that 14 and 11 DEGs were positively and negatively correlated with pathological changes, respectively. Furthermore, up-regulated expression in molecules critical to differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in P1 group was validated at RNA and protein levels. The results confirmed virulent and attenuated strains might be associated with biased differentiation of pro-inflammatory pathogenic Th17 and Th1 subsets respectively.

Distribution of Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue: implications for cellular immunity

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIA H. KYDD ◽  
K. C. SMITH ◽  
D. HANNANT ◽  
GEORGIA J. LIVESAY ◽  
JENNIFER A. MUMFORD
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Equid Herpesvirus ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

scholarly journals Curcumin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells through Multiple Antiviral Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Damariz Marín-Palma ◽  
Jorge H. Tabares-Guevara ◽  
María I. Zapata-Cardona ◽  
Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez ◽  
Lina M. Yepes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Virucidal Effect ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Due to the scarcity of therapeutic approaches for COVID-19, we investigated the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin against SARS-CoV-2 using in vitro models. The cytotoxicity of curcumin was evaluated using MTT assay in Vero E6 cells. The antiviral activity of this compound against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using four treatment strategies (i. pre–post infection treatment, ii. co-treatment, iii. pre-infection, and iv. post-infection). The D614G strain and Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 were used, and the viral titer was quantified by plaque assay. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using qPCR and ELISA. By pre–post infection treatment, Curcumin (10 µg/mL) exhibited antiviral effect of 99% and 99.8% against DG614 strain and Delta variant, respectively. Curcumin also inhibited D614G strain by pre-infection and post-infection treatment. In addition, curcumin showed a virucidal effect against D614G strain and Delta variant. Finally, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) released by PBMCs triggered by SARS-CoV-2 were decreased after treatment with curcumin. Our results suggest that curcumin affects the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle and exhibits virucidal effect with a variant/strain independent antiviral effect and immune-modulatory properties. This is the first study that showed a combined (antiviral/anti-inflammatory) effect of curcumin during SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, additional studies are required to define its use as a treatment for the COVID-19.

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