scholarly journals Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Artem Blagodatski ◽  
Kseniya Trutneva ◽  
Olga Glazova ◽  
Olga Mityaeva ◽  
Liudmila Shevkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Virus Ecology ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Domestic Bird

Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Shahneaz A. Khan ◽  
Md. K. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012–2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero–subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs’ reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic–wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

scholarly journals First isolation of an H1N1 avian influenza virus from wild terrestrial non-migratory birds in Argentina

Virology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 396 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Alvarez ◽  
Rosana Mattiello ◽  
Pierre Rivailler ◽  
Ariel Pereda ◽  
Charles T. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1048-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Selim ◽  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Naglaa Hagag ◽  
Ali Zanaty ◽  
Abdel-Hafez Samir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Avian influenza virus: prospects for prevention and control by vaccination

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Won Lee ◽  
David L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractAlthough vaccination does not always prevent infection of avian influenza (AI) virus, the clear benefit of vaccination is in its ability to prevent disease and to reduce the amount of virus in circulation. Thus, judicious use of vaccination can be an important component of an AI control program. However, the long-term use of vaccination without eradication may result in the selection of the antigenically divergent strains, which compromises the value of vaccination. In this review, the effectiveness of currently available and future AI vaccines is discussed with suggestions for the ideal use of vaccination even with antigenic drift of the virus.

scholarly journals Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing the HA of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1606
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zhang ◽  
Zongyi Bo ◽  
Chenchen Meng ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tail Domain ◽  
H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in many countries, causing great economic losses when co-infected with other pathogens. So far, several live vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been developed. However, the thermostable recombinant NDV is rarely reported. In this study, using a thermostable NDV rAHR09 strain as the vector, three recombinant NDVs expressing native HA, chimeric HA ectodomain with transmembrane domain/C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain from fusion protein of NDV, and HA ectodomain were generated, designated rAHR09-HA, rAHR09-HAF, and rAHR09-HAE. The MDT value of three recombinant NDVs was above 120 h, their ICPI value was about 0.03, and the recombinant NDVs were still infectious when treated for 100 min under 56 °C, which demonstrated that the recombinant NDVs kept the lentogenic and thermostable nature of rAHR09. The immunization data showed that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF induced a higher HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV and NDV. After being challenged with H9N2 AIV, the rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF could significantly reduce the virus shedding in cloacal and tracheal swab samples. Our results suggest that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF might be vaccine candidates against H9N2 AIV.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) in Poultry at Karachi

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali Channa ◽  
Nazeer Hussain Kalhoro ◽  
Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani ◽  
Ayaz Hussain Mangi ◽  
Jamila Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Agar Gel

Background: Poultry is largest and rapidly growing sector of livestock in Pakistan. It is mainly influenced by viral pathogens such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3). These viruses cause severe disease in poultry and leads to heavy economic losses throughout the world. The outbreaks of these pathogens have been increased in last few decades. Therefore, the study about antigenic prevalence is needed to know about the emergence of these pathogenic viruses, and to get rid of severe ailments associated with reduced poultry production. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) and co-infections in poultry flocks at Karachi. Methodology: For detection of NDV and H7N3, a total of 200 tracheal swabs were collected and tested through virus isolation (V.I); the sample with positive virus isolation were tested through agar gel precipitation (AGP) and then the RNA was isolated through TRI Reagent, which was further tested through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The virus isolation showed that 58% of samples were positive for various viruses. Agar gel precipitation (AGP) revealed that the occurrence of NDV, H7N3 and ND+H7 were 50%, 8% and 38%, respectively. RT-PCR for F and HA gene of NDV and H7N3 confirmed the presence of NDV and H7N3 in the poultry. Conclusion: It is concluded that NDV and H7N3 are circulating in the flocks causing co-infections, therefore it is important to know the field challenge of viruses and to prepare vaccine of circulating serotype of virus to mitigate the rate of infection.

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