scholarly journals Serosurvey and Risk Factors Associated with Brucella Infection in High Risk Occupations from District Lahore and Kasur of Punjab, Pakistan

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Shahzad Ali ◽  
Usama Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Laiba Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Ali Syed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
Abattoir Workers

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease, and occupations with a high risk of infection exist. Limited information is available on brucellosis for these employees at high risk in Pakistan. A total of 459 persons with high-risk occupations, i.e., 211 abattoir workers, 63 milkers, 52 dung cake makers, 44 veterinarians, 44 shepherds, and 45 veterinary students of the districts Kasur and Lahore, Pakistan, were tested in this study. Blood samples and information on place of residence, gender, age, urbanicity, type of occupation, socioeconomic status, contact with animals, consumption of raw milk, contact to women who had a miscarriage, contact to aborted animal fetus or abortion material, pregnancy, miscarriage history, or intrauterine fetal death were collected. Serum samples were examined using Rose Bengal tests for anti-Brucella antibodies and seropositive samples were subjected to genus-specific qPCR for the detection of DNA. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and binary regression. Twenty (4.35%) persons were seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Out of these, 18 (90%) were tested positive by Brucella genus-specific qPCR. Positive sera were more often found in Lahore district (8.3%) than in Kasur district (3.1%). Persons older than 36 years were more often seropositive. Persons involved in the handing of milk and in contact with animals were more often seropositive. Contact with women who had had a miscarriage was also a significant factor for seropositivity for brucellosis. Place of residence, gender, age, urbanicity, and contact with animals were identified as potential risk factors in the present study. The present study confirmed that brucellosis is an occupation hazard for abattoir workers, milkers, dung cake makers, and veterinarians in the districts of Lahore and Kasur of Punjab, Pakistan. The study shows the need for strategies for safety at work to minimize the risk of infection. Raising awareness for the prevention and use of proper personal protection equipment during the slaughtering and treatment of animal is highly needed.

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in bovines of Chhattisgarh, India

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lata Jain ◽  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Sameer Chaturvedi ◽  
Goutam Roy ◽  
Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease causing reproductive problems and abortions in bovines leading to huge economic losses to the dairy industry. Seroepidemiology and risk factors associated with brucellosis were investigated in cattle and buffaloes of Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 374 serum samples from bovines were collected randomly from 94 villages of six districts of Chhattisgarh state with different attributes and were screened by i-ELISA for the detection of antibodies. The overall true seroprevalence for brucellosis was observed to be 14.17%. Brucellosis was significantly more prevalent in animals of organized farms, cross bred, age above 7 years, clinically ailing ones particularly cases of abortion and repeat breeding compared to apparently health animals. The finding represented a major impact on animal health and productivity as well as a high risk to the human population.

Prevalence of High-Risk Food Consumption and Food-Handling Practices among Adults: A Multistate Survey, 1996 to 1997

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1538-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
BELETSHACHEW SHIFERAW ◽  
SAMANTHA YANG ◽  
PAUL CIESLAK ◽  
DUC VUGIA ◽  
RUTHANNE MARCUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
High Risk ◽  
College Education ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Food Handling Practices

Risk factors for foodborne diseases include consumption of high-risk foods and unsanitary food-handling practices; however, little is known about the prevalence of these risk factors in the general population. A survey was done in five FoodNet sites (California, Connecticut, Georgia, Minnesota, Oregon) to determine the prevalence of these risk factors in the population. A total of 7,493 adults were interviewed by telephone between 1 July 1996 and 30 June 1997. Results showed that 1.5% drank raw milk, 1.9% ate raw shellfish, 18% ate runny egg, 30% preferred pink hamburger, 93% said they almost always washed their cutting board after cutting raw chicken, and 93% said they almost always washed their hands after handling raw meat or poultry, during 5 days before interview. The results differed by state and demographic group. Consumption of raw shellfish (3.2%) and undercooked hamburger (43%) were more common in Connecticut than other states. Raw milk consumption was more common among people who lived on a farm (8.6%) compared with people who lived in a city or urban area (1.1%). Preference for undercooked hamburger was more common among men (35%), young adults (18 to 25 years, 33%), people with college education (38%), and among people with household income of more than $100,000/year (49%). African-Americans were less likely to prefer undercooked hamburger compared to other racial groups (10% versus 30%). Young adults compared to older adults were less likely to wash their hands after handling raw chicken (88% versus 95%), and men washed their hands less often than women (89% versus 97%). Although there were statistical differences between demographic groups, they are insufficient to warrant targeted educational programs.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human Brucellosis and associated risk factors among high risk occupations in Mbeya Region of Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Sagamiko ◽  
John B. Muma ◽  
Esron D. Karimuribo ◽  
Alfred A. Mwanza ◽  
Ruth L. Mfune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Abattoir Workers

AbstractBackgroundBrucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease that affects humans, livestock and wildlife.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbeya region between November 2015 and January 2016 to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and identify associated risk factors among individuals in risky occupations in Mbeya Region. A total of 425 humans from six occupational categories were serially tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), for screening and confirmation, respectively. A questionnaire survey was administered to participants collect epidemiological data.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence among the high risk occupational individuals was 1.41% (95% CI: 0.01-0.03). Seroprevalence among the different occupations were as follows: shepherds 1.33% (95% CI: 0.14-0.22); butcher men 5.26% (95% CI: 0.10-0.17) and abattoir workers 1.08% (95% CI: 0.39-0.49). Seroprevalence was noted to vary according to occupation type, milk consumption behaviour, age and sex. Butcher men recorded the highest seroprevalence (5.0%) while individuals who consumed unboiled milk had a higher seroprevalence (1.56%) compared to those who drunk boiled milk. High seropositivity (2.25%) was observed among the age group of 1-10 years while male individuals had a higher seroprevalence (1.41%) than females (0%). Butcher men were at higher risk of exposure compared to other professions.ConclusionOur findings show the presence of brucellosis in occupationally exposed individuals in Mbeya region. There is need to sensitize the exposed individuals in order to reduce the risk of acquiring Brucella infections from animals and animal products This also calls for public health awareness about the disease, and implementation of control measures that will prevent further spread of brucellosis within and outside the study area..Author summaryBrucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis that has evolved to establish itself as an occupational and food-borne disease Worldwide. It is responsible for huge economic losses incurred by livestock keepers and poses a public health risk to humans in most developing countries. In Tanzania, which has the 3rd highest cattle population in Africa, many studies that have been done show that brucellosis exists in livestock, especially in cattle and wildlife. However, very few studies have reported on human brucellosis. The disease has been reported to occur in humans who have direct exposure to cattle or cattle products like livestock farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians, shepherds and farm workers in many developing countries. A few studies in Tanzania have reported seroprevalences among these high-risk occupations; however, the disease has not been fully described in Mbeya region. This study was therefore aimed at filling these information gaps and contributing to the existing body of knowledge.

scholarly journals The prevalence of serum antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in ranch cattle in Tanzania : a cross-sectional study

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Swai ◽  
P.F. Mtui ◽  
A.K. Chang'a ◽  
G.E. Machange
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ehrlichia Ruminantium ◽  
Increased Risk

Serum samples collected in a cross-sectional survey of grazing cattle on Manyara Ranch, Monduli district, Tanzania, were tested by indirect major antigenic protein 1 fragment B (MAP 1-B) ELISA to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium and to assess ranch-level risk factors for heartwater. Heartwater-exposed cattle were widespread on the ranch and overall seroprevalence was 50.3 % (95% CI, 44.9 -55.6), enough to indicate an endemically unstable situation. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Two factors appeared to increase the herd's risk for contracting heartwater. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age (β= 0.19 per year of age, P < 0.001) and animals carrying ticks of any species were associated with an increased risk of infection with E. ruminantium (Odds ratio, OR = 3.3, P < 0.001). The force of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile was estimated at 18 per 100 cattle year-risk. The current tick control measures on the ranch were associated with a decreased risk of infection with E.ruminantium (OR=0.25 for no dipping and OR=0.31 for low dipping, P < 0.001). Six tick species were identified; in order of frequency these were: Ambylomma variegatum 59.9 %, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi 13.9 %, Rhipicephalus pulchellus 12.5 %, Hyalomma truncatum 7.03 % and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 6.07 %. The least encountered tick was Rhipicephalus simus, which accounted for 0.38 %. The cattle seemed well adapted to their environment and capable of resisting the tick burden under this extensive wildlife / livestock grazing and interaction system.

scholarly journals Risk factors for infection by Toxoplasma gondii in herds of goats in Ceará, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C.R. Cavalcante ◽  
M. Carneiro ◽  
A.M.G. Gouveia ◽  
R.R. Pinheiro ◽  
R.W.A. Vitor
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

In order to identify possible risk factors for T. gondii infection in goat herds in Ceará, Brazil, 2362 serum samples were tested by ELISA. The serological prevalence was 25.1%. The risk factors identified for Toxoplasma gondii infection in goat herds were age, number of cats, use of wooden feeding troughs and absence of feeding troughs. Goats older than 37 months had 2.01 (CI 95%; 1.55 - 2.61) higher risk of infection than younger animals. Greater risk of infection was observed in farms with more than 10 cats (OR = 1.73; CI 95%; 1.01 - 3.33). The use of wooden feeding troughs represented a high probability of infection (OR = 7.81; CI 95%; 1.66 - 36.67). The lack of feeding troughs also represented a high probability of infection (OR = 5.50; CI 95%; 1.24 - 24.39).

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Livestock and Residents of New Valley Governorate, Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 531-539
Author(s):  
Mohamed Said Diab ◽  
Sherif Abd Allah Zidan ◽  
Nermin Abdalla A. Hassan ◽  
Haitham Elaadli ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Bayoumi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease which is now considered endemic in most parts of Egypt. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2018 to February 2020 to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and livestock residing in two regions located in New Valley Governorate, Egypt. A total of 1254 animals (673 cattle, 348 sheep, and 233 goats) and 523 human serum samples were examined for brucellosis using Rose Bengal test (RBT) and then randomly selected sera (15 from cattle, 7 from sheep, 3 from goats, and 45 from humans) were further analyzed by complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to compare and detect the sensitivity and specificity of RBT. The prevalence of brucellosis was 0% in cattle, sheep, and goats while it was 23.9% in humans using RBT. Concerning humans, there was a higher percentage of infection in EL Kharga (33.6%). The prevalence of this infection was also at a higher level among individuals aged above 40 years (28.57%). Furthermore, men (26.11%) were more inclined to be inflicted, compared to women (22.5%) with no significant difference. Considering the human occupation, abattoir workers were the most predominant group of people at risk (33.3%), followed by farmers (31.25%) and animal keepers (20.6%) while the lowest prevalence was demonstrated in the housewives where the prevalence was 18.8 %. As a result, risk factors of the age range, locality, time of infection, contact with animals, and occupational groups could significantly affect the prevalence of human brucellosis in the New Valley Governorate. In conclusion, brucellosis is an alarming problem among residents of the New Valley Governorate. Thus, reducing the prevalence in humans and animals in the region of study may include restriction of the marketing the raw milk and enhancing public health awareness.

Extrinsic risk factors for pneumonia in the patient at high risk of infection

1984 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Rhame ◽  
Andrew J. Streifel ◽  
John H. Kersey ◽  
Philip B. McGlave
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Extrinsic Risk

scholarly journals Use of trans-Sialidase Inhibition Assay in a Population Serologically Negative for Trypanosoma cruzi but at a High Risk of Infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
María S. Leguizamón ◽  
Graciela Russomando ◽  
Antonieta Rojas de Arias ◽  
Margarita Samudio ◽  
Margarita Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Actual Prevalence ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

ABSTRACT trans-Sialidase inhibition assay (TIA) was employed in a population at high risk of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. From 20 serum samples that were negative by conventional serologic and parasitologic assays, 18 (90%) were reactive in TIA, providing further evidence of the higher sensitivity of TIA and suggesting that the actual prevalence of T. cruzi infection might be underestimated.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Abnormal Urinalysis in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhui Zhong ◽  
Jie Ding ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Yubin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
Screening Efficiency ◽  
Dipstick Urinalysis

Background: Targeted urinalysis has been suggested to improve screening efficiency in adults. However, there is no well-defined target population in children yet, with limited information on the risk factors for urinalysis abnormalities.Methods: Children from infants to 17 years old were randomly selected. Dipstick urinalysis was initially performed. Among those who were abnormal, a repeat dipstick or dipstick with microscopic urinalysis was performed for confirmation.Results: In total, 70,822 children were included, with 37,866 boys and 32,956 girls. Prevalence of abnormal urinalysis was 4.3%. Age was significantly associated with abnormal urinalysis, with the highest prevalence among 12–14-year-olds. Girls were 2.0 times more likely to exhibit abnormalities. Compared with children whose guardians had a college degree or higher, those whose guardians had a high school degree or lower had a higher likelihood of abnormalities. Geographic location was also associated with abnormal results.Conclusion: Girls, children aged 12–14 years old, and children whose guardians had a low educational level and children in certain geographic locations were significantly associated with abnormal urinalysis. Identification of children at high risk would contribute to targeted urinalysis screening.

scholarly journals Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with a Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Regimen.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5086-5086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Frère ◽  
Frédéric Baron ◽  
Christoffe Bonnet ◽  
Kaoutar Hafraoui ◽  
Maguy Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Conditioning Regimen ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
High Risk Category

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a non-myeloablative conditioning (NMSCT) could theoretically be associated with a reduced risk of infection because it causes less mucosal damage or severe neutropenia compared to standard myeloablative allogeneic transplantation. Previous studies have sometimes indicated a reduced incidence of infection after NMSCT but other reports have not. We analyzed the incidence and risk factors (Cox model) of infection in 62 patients (16 F and 46 M, aged 54±11 yrs) undergoing NMSCT with a conditioning regimen of low-dose TBI±fludarabine and immunosuppression with CsA+MMF (Seattle protocol). We compared them to 119 recipients (72 peripheral blood (PBSCT) and 47 bone marrow (BMT) transplants) of a conventional HCT. The proportion of NMSCT patients with repeated infections (at least 1, 2, 3 or 4 infections) was significantly lower than in the 2 other groups, but the difference was confined to the first 30 days post-transplant (34% vs 89% and 74%, p<0.001). In NMSCT recipients, donor other than sibling (p<0.0001), older age (p=0.0024), a diagnosis of MDS (p=0.0123), early disease (p=0.0233) and male gender (p=0.0441) were significant risk factors. The incidence of bacteremia was lower (55% vs 70% and 66% at 1 yr, p=0.0264), but the total number of bacteremic episodes (0.9, 1.2 and 1.0 per patient) did not differ in the NMSCT compared to the PBSCT and BMT groups. However, in the first 30 days post-transplant, 4–6 times fewer episodes were encountered in the NMSCT group (p<0.0001). In the NMSCT group, donor other than sibling (p<0.0001), older age (p=0.0126), a diagnosis of leukemia (p=0.0099) and conditioning without fludarabine (p=0.0022), but not neutropenia, were significant risk factors. The incidence of infections other than bacteremia was quite comparable in the 3 groups, but with a significant delay in the NMSCT group (p=0.0002) in which only corticosteroid usage was associated with an increased risk (p=0.0066). The vast majority of infections were bacterial (less frequent in the NMSCT group in the first 30 days), but the rates of fungal or VZV infections were similar in the 3 groups. No case of CMV reactivation or disease occurred among the low risk (donor and recipient seronegative), very few in the intermediate risk (donor alone seropositive), but many in the high risk category (recipient seropositive) and similarly so in the 3 groups. Among NMSCT patients, the risk of CMV infection increased with high risk category (p<0.0001), older age (p=0.0002), donor other than sibling (p=0.0003) and a diagnosis of lymphoma (p=0.0035). Infection was the primary cause of death in 10% or less of the patients, but it contributed to death in 24%, 41% and 27% of the NMSCT, PBSCT and BMT patients, respectively (NS). We conclude that the risk of infection after NMSCT is significantly smaller than after standard allogeneic transplants within 30 days posttransplant, but very similar thereafter.

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