scholarly journals Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Ellinor Henriksson ◽  
Rebecca Söderberg ◽  
Gunilla Ström Hallenberg ◽  
Kang Kroesna ◽  
Sokong Ly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Preah Vihear

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Cambodia, but circulation of JE virus (JEV) among domestic pigs has previously only been studied in the southern part of the country. The main purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of JEV antibodies in smallholder pigs held in rural areas of Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng provinces, northeastern Cambodia. Another purpose was to identify possible associations between serologic status and other factors, such as reproductive disorders, and to investigate the farmers’ knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases and use of preventive measures. In October 2019, 139 households were visited throughout the study area, and 242 pigs were sampled for blood. The sera were analysed with ELISA for JEV antibodies. Household representatives were interviewed, and data were recorded for each sampled pig. The apparent seroprevalence was 89.1% in pigs between 3 and 6 months of age, and 100% in pigs over 6 months of age. In total, 93.0% of the pigs tested positive. Province appeared to be the only factor significantly associated with serologic status (p < 0.001). Almost all (97.8%) respondents knew that mosquitos could transmit diseases, and 70.5% had heard of JE. However, only one respondent knew that JEV is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Very few respondents knew that pigs can become infected with JEV, and no one knew that mosquitos transmit the virus. All families used some sort of mosquito protection for themselves, but only 15.1% protected their pigs from mosquito bites. The children were vaccinated against JE in 93 households, while adults only were vaccinated in eight households. The results suggest that JEV transmission is intense in northeastern Cambodia, and that people’s knowledge about the transmission route of JEV and the role of pigs in the transmission cycle is low. Fortunately, people are well aware of mosquito-borne diseases in general and use mosquito protection, and many children are vaccinated against JE. Nonetheless, it is important that national vaccination is continued, and that people—especially in rural areas where pigs are commonly kept—are educated on the ecology and transmission of JEV.

scholarly journals Integration Efforts in Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Judit Beke Lisányi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Capital Intensive

The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world. JEL Classification: Q10, Q13

The role of nurses in traditional–modern medicine conflict

2018 ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Nevin Gunaydin ◽  
Funda Ozpulat
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

In almost all societies around the world, traditional medicine applications are being resorted to for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. As modern medical methods encounter difficulty in reaching the public and being expensive, traditional medicine methods are preferred to modern medical methods andti can be used more frequently in rural areas. Traditional methods can also be used for a variety of reasons although its scientific validity is discussed. There is a constant conflict between modern medicine and traditional medicine and they often coexist in spite of the fact that modern medicine usually does not approve traditional medicine. The nurse enhances the quality of care by taking into account the cultural characteristics of the individual and broadens the perspective of the nursing. It is the right approach for nurses to avoid conflict with the individual they care for in cultural practices, act together and guide them to develop a healthier lifestyle.Keywords: Traditional medicine, modern medicine, nurse

The Role of the Middleman in the Internal Distribution System of a Caribbean Peasant Economy

1956 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Internal Marketing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Internal Distribution

This paper seeks to provide evidence for the economic efficiency, under present conditions, of small-scale middlemen in Caribbean economies. By "small-scale middlemen" is meant here those persons who buy and resell mainly agricultural produce which they convey from rural areas to open town and city markets. While some work has been done on the internal marketing systems of Mexico, Guatemala, and Perú, Caribbean specialists have largely neglected the vigorous internal distribution systems which operate in such islands as Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados. This paper adds little in the way of comprehensive information, but may serve to underline the importance of internal marketing systems in the study of "underdeveloped" areas.

scholarly journals Small and large farms in the Republic of Moldova: trends and perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-912
Author(s):  
Victor Moroz ◽  
Anatolie Ignat ◽  
Eugenia Lucasenco
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Large Farms

In recent years the Republic of Moldova has implemented a set of reforms in order to increase the efficiency of agricultural production. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight economic advantages and disadvantages of large and small scale farms, and also to focus on the multidimensional role of the small scale farming for rural areas. The methodology used in the article is based on analysis of statistical data, as well as on results of relevant qualitative and quantitative surveys. The main expected results of this paper lay in the proposals of ways in which agriculture can make a contribution to the vibrancy of rural communities from the Republic of Moldova.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF NEED BASE (REFORM) EDUCATION AND MADRASSA SYSTEM IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamida Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Middle Class Families

This study also aims at determining the role of these madrassas in imparting education to adult females and elderly women alike. This research is also an eye opener for policy makers that without any outside help they are working quite effectively even in those areas where government fails to provide education to boys so girls are out of the question. Another positive aspect of these madaris is that they offer a uniform curriculum and system of education. There is no distinction of rich and poor, Pashtuns and Panjabi, young and old, all people having any background, status and age have an access to education in these institutions. Almost all the students, parents and madrassa teachers showed their satisfaction over madrassa education especially for girls because they consider madrassa education associated with girls decency more over madrassa educated girls obtain better marital status, the most desired one in an Islamic society and hence considerable number of rich and middle-class families sent their daughters to madrasas & even are ready to pay fees if so required These madrassa are working independently but in recent years been started and teachers of home madrassas showed their concerns over it. Most of the teachers are unwilling to get their madrassa registered with any board for me or the other reason. Government should take measure to provide opportunities to religious sectors for improving and expanding the services of these madrassa. Moreover necessary steps should be taken to eradicate the misunderstanding between government and madrassa administrators. In this way registration procedure can be made easier and exact number of these madrassa can be brought forth. But all this requires mutual understanding and an atmosphere of cooperation and trust. Madrassa assumes central position in Islamic Education System. Recently in most of the rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the number of Home madrassas increased many fold. These madrassas provide valuable services to communities in which they are located. These madrassas are a ray of hope for those girls who are not allowed to attend schools and those women who are illiterate as these institutions provide basic religious education and also a place of get together for those who are otherwise confined to four walls of the house. Most of these This study also aims at determining the role of these madrassas in imparting education to adult females and elderly women alike. This research is also an eye opener for policy makers that without any outside help they are working quite effectively even in those areas where government fails to provide education to boys so girls are out of the question. Another positive aspect of these madaris is that they offer a uniform curriculum and system of education. There is no distinction of rich and poor, Pashtuns and Panjabi, young and old, all people having any background, status and age have an access to education in these institutions. Almost all the students, parents and madrassa teachers showed their satisfaction over madrassa education especially for girls because they consider madrassa education associated with girls decency more over madrassa educated girls obtain better marital status, the most desired one in an Islamic society and hence considerable number of rich and middle-class families sent their daughters to madrasas & even are ready to pay fees if so required These madrassa are working independently but in recent years been started and teachers of home madrassas showed their concerns over it. Most of the teachers are unwilling to get their madrassa registered with any board for me or the other reason. Government should take measure to provide opportunities to religious sectors for improving and expanding the services of these madrassa. Moreover necessary steps should be taken to eradicate the misunderstanding between government and madrassa administrators. In this way registration procedure can be made easier and exact number of these madrassa can be brought forth. But all this requires mutual understanding and an atmosphere of cooperation and trust. Madrassa assumes central position in Islamic Education System. Recently in most of the rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the number of Home madrassas increased many fold. These madrassas provide valuable services to communities in which they are located. These madrassas are a ray of hope for those girls who are not allowed to attend schools and those women who are illiterate as these institutions provide basic religious education and also a place of get together for those who are otherwise confined to four walls of the house. Most of these

scholarly journals The Role of Small Scale Enterprises in Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Sokoto State

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Sirajo Abubakar Ibrahim ◽  
Zayyanu Ladan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. This is more obvious with the regard to Nigeria where it was estimated about 70 % (2010) of the population are living below poverty line. Similarly, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) recently released the figure in 2013., which indicate Sokoto state as having highest incidence of poverty, with 81.2 % poverty rate. The pressure of poverty and the absence of any other income earning activity during the dry season force the people in these area of the North Western part of Sokoto on Migration after every raining season across the country, in order to sustain their livelihood. This paper is of the opinion that rural dwellers can be self reliant within their locality by utilizing the available resources as well as establishing some new business ideas for small scale business as a strategy in poverty reduction and controlling high migration rate. Similarly the paper recommend among others, the effective enlightenment awareness and motivation on the role of boosting the economic development of the rural areas.

scholarly journals The Role of Small-Scale Industries in Achieving the Sustainable Development: the Experience of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
N. V. Galistcheva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Small Scale Industries

The article deals with the role of small scale industry in India in achieving the sustainable development. The author draws attention to the fact that the small scale industry promotion policy impacts significantly not only on decreasing the unemployment rate as well as long-term and youth unemployment but also on solving such acute social problems as poverty, famine, undernourishment and food insecurity, lack of quality education, gender inequality and the empowerment of women. The author pays attention to the evolution of small business in India in 1950-2010s. It argues convincingly that due to significant number of population as well as low-skilled labor on the one hand and limited financial resources on the other one small business has been considered to be a buffer between modern big business and the bulk of the population remaining outside it. The author considers the effectiveness of the industrial policy through the prism of stimulating small-scale industry and changing its place in the Indian economy. The author examines the activity of the The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) which is considered to be the most important institution which looks after the development of the small scale industries. The aim of NABARD was poverty reduction and development assistance (it’s one of the premier agencies providing developmental credit in rural areas). The article presents the definition of small scale industry in India both in terms of employment level and the investment limits as well as statistical data on number of units, its share in industrial production and exports and expansion of small scale sector in 2000-2010s. The author identified main problems facing cottage and small scale industries in India at the present time. The research is based on the systematic approach to the study of national economy using basic methods of scientific knowledge such as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.

scholarly journals Households’ Willingness to Contribute to Irrigation Infrastructure in Rural China: The Role of Lineage and Outmigration

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1852
Author(s):  
Yu Yang ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation ◽  
Willingness To Contribute ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

Rural areas worldwide are witnessing an increase in outmigration, which has led to an impact on irrigation infrastructure management. In many cases, governments in transition economies find it difficult to support small-scale irrigation infrastructure programs. This research aims to examine the extent to which the recent “lineage revival” in China to increase the importance of lineage networks can reduce the negative effects of outmigration in rural communities. Analyzing a rural community in Sichuan Province, the findings reveal that while there is no significant effect of outmigration on respondents’ willingness to contribute toward irrigation infrastructure, and while lineage networks can enhance this willingness, such networks also reduce participation if non-lineage members are among the beneficiaries. Finally, the study provides an understanding of how informal lineage networks may facilitate contribution to irrigation infrastructure.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF NEED BASE (REFORM) EDUCATION AND MADRASSA SYSTEM IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamida Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Almost All

This study also aims at determining the role of these madrassas in imparting education to adult females and elderly women alike. This research is also an eye opener for policy makers that without any outside help they are working quite effectively even in those areas where government fails to provide education to boys so girls are out of the question. Another positive aspect of these madaris is that they offer a uniform curriculum and system of education. There is no distinction of rich and poor, Pashtuns and Panjabi, young and old, all people having any background, status and age have an access to education in these institutions. Almost all the students, parents and madrassa teachers showed their satisfaction over madrassa education especially for girls because they consider madrassa education associated with girls decency more over madrassa educated girls obtain better marital status, the most desired one in an Islamic society and hence considerable number of rich and middle-class families sent their daughters to madrasas & even are ready to pay fees if so required These madrassa are working independently but in recent years been started and teachers of home madrassas showed their concerns over it. Most of the teachers are unwilling to get their madrassa registered with any board for me or the other reason. Government should take measure to provide opportunities to religious sectors for improving and expanding the services of these madrassa. Moreover necessary steps should be taken to eradicate the misunderstanding between government and madrassa administrators. In this way registration procedure can be made easier and exact number of these madrassa can be brought forth. But all this requires mutual understanding and an atmosphere of cooperation and trust. Madrassa assumes central position in Islamic Education System. Recently in most of the rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the number of Home madrassas increased many fold. These madrassas provide valuable services to communities in which they are located. These madrassas are a ray of hope for those girls who are not allowed to attend schools and those women who are illiterate as these institutions provide basic religious education and also a place of get together for those who are otherwise confined to four walls of the house. Most of these madrassas are working independently of any religious, political organization and government and are free from sectarianism, extremism or fundamentalism, focusing only on providing religious education. This study focuses on the Effects of these Home Madrassas on Girls Education. The main objectives of the study are to highlight the role of these madrassas in female education and to highlight the need of restructuring and reshaping these madrassas for better results.  

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