scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of the Entry through Mechanical Transport in Aircraft of Rift Valley Fever Virus-Infected Mosquitoes into Previously Unaffected Areas

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Maria-Eleni Filippitzi ◽  
Claude Saegerman
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Valley Fever

(1): Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease of significant international health concern and considered as an emerging risk to Europe, where no RVF outbreaks in humans or animals have been reported so far. (2): Using a stochastic approach, we estimated the risk of RVF virus (RVFV) introduction during the period of May to October (the period when mosquito populations, including RVFV potential vectors, are present in European countries), into previously unaffected areas (e.g., United Kingdom, UK) via virus-carrying vectors traveling in commercial aircraft from RVF-affected countries (e.g., East Africa); (3): On average N = 68 (95% CI: 0–337), RVF-virus-infected mosquitoes are estimated to be mechanically transported by planes (with N = 0 as most likely), in direct flights from RVF-affected East African countries to the UK, between May and October. This estimate is considered as low but not negligible. The model developed should be easily scaled up to other European countries by amending appropriately country-specific variables (e.g., number of flights between countries) in order to map the areas/airports of higher risk and inform risk management per country accordingly and to adopt risk-mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Lethal mutagenesis of Rift Valley fever virus induced by favipiravir

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Borrego ◽  
Ana I. de Ávila ◽  
Esteban Domingo ◽  
Alejandro Brun
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Lethal Mutagenesis

ABSTRACTRift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen with recurrent outbreaks paying a considerable toll of human deaths in many African countries, for which no effective treatment is available. In cell culture studies and with laboratory animal models, the nucleoside analogue favipiravir (T-705) has demonstrated great potential for the treatment of several seasonal, chronic and emerging RNA virus infections of humans, suggesting applicability to control some viral outbreaks. Treatment with favipiravir was shown to reduce the infectivity of Rift Valley fever virus both in cell cultures and in experimental animal models, but the mechanism of this protective effect is not understood. In this work we show that favipiravir at concentrations well below the toxicity threshold estimated for cells is able to extinguish RVFV from infected cell cultures. Nucleotide sequence analysis has documented RVFV mutagenesis associated with virus extinction, with a significant increase in G to A and C to U transition frequencies, and a decrease of specific infectivity, hallmarks of lethal mutagenesis.

scholarly journals Rift Valley Fever: Important Considerations for Risk Mitigation and Future Outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elysse N. Grossi-Soyster ◽  
A. Desiree LaBeaud
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Exposure Risks ◽  
Psychological Impairment

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic phlebovirus of the Phenuiviridae family with great opportunity for emergence in previously unaffected regions, despite its current geographical limits. Outbreaks of RVFV often infect humans or domesticated animals, such as livestock, concurrently and occur sporadically, ranging from localized outbreaks in villages to multi-country events that spread rapidly. The true burden of Rift Valley fever (RVF) is not well defined due to underreporting, misdiagnosis caused by the broad spectrum of disease presentation, and minimal access for rapid and accurate laboratory confirmation. Severe symptoms may include hemorrhagic fever, loss of vision, psychological impairment or disturbances, and organ failure. Those living in endemic areas and travelers should be aware of the potential for exposure to ongoing outbreaks or interepidemic transmission, and engage in behaviors to minimize exposure risks, as vaccinations in humans are currently unavailable and animal vaccinations are not used routinely or ubiquitously. The lack of vaccines approved for use in humans is concerning, as RVFV has proven to be highly pathogenic in naïve populations, causing severe disease in a large percent of confirmed cases, which could have considerable impact on human health.

scholarly journals Individual-Based Network Model for Rift Valley Fever in Kabale District, Uganda, to Guide Mitigation Measures: A One Health Model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa Sekamatte ◽  
Mahbubul H. Riad ◽  
Tesfaalem Tekleghiorghis ◽  
Kenneth J. Linthicum ◽  
Seth C. Britch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Kabale District

AbstractRift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease which causes significant morbidity and mortality among ungulate livestock and humans in endemic regions. In the major RVF epizootic regions of East Africa, the causative agent of the disease, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is primarily transmitted by multiple mosquito species in Aedes, Culex, and Mansonia genera during both epizootic and enzootic periods in a complex transmission cycle largely driven by the environment. However, recent RVFV activity in Uganda demonstrated that RVFV could also spread into new regions through livestock movements, and underscored the need to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce transmission and prevent spread among cattle operations. We simulated RVFV transmission among cattle in different sub counties of Kabale District in Uganda using real world livestock data in a network-based model. This model considered livestock as spatially explicit factors in different sub-counties subjected to specific vector mosquito and environmental factors, and was configured to investigate and quantitatively evaluate the relative impacts of mosquito control, livestock movement regulations, and diversity in cattle populations on the spread of the RVF epizootic. We concluded that cattle movement should be restricted during periods of high vector mosquito abundance to control the epizootic spreading among sub-counties. On the other hand we found that mosquito control would only be sufficient to control the epizootic when mosquito abundance was low. Importantly, simulation results also showed that cattle populations with a higher diversity with regard to indigenous combined with exotic breeds led to reduced numbers of infected cattle compared to more homogenous cattle populations.

scholarly journals Lethal Mutagenesis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Induced by Favipiravir

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Borrego ◽  
Ana I. de Ávila ◽  
Esteban Domingo ◽  
Alejandro Brun
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Lethal Mutagenesis

ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen with recurrent outbreaks taking a considerable toll in human deaths in many African countries, for which no effective treatment is available. In cell culture studies and with laboratory animal models, the nucleoside analogue favipiravir (T-705) has demonstrated great potential for the treatment of several seasonal, chronic, and emerging RNA virus infections in humans, suggesting applicability to control some viral outbreaks. Treatment with favipiravir was shown to reduce the infectivity of Rift Valley fever virus both in cell cultures and in experimental animal models, but the mechanism of this protective effect is not understood. In this work, we show that favipiravir at concentrations well below the toxicity threshold estimated for cells is able to extinguish RVFV from infected cell cultures. Nucleotide sequence analysis has documented RVFV mutagenesis associated with virus extinction, with a significant increase in G to A and C to U transition frequencies and a decrease of specific infectivity, hallmarks of lethal mutagenesis.

scholarly journals Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Melanie Rissmann ◽  
Matthias Lenk ◽  
Franziska Stoek ◽  
Claudia A. Szentiks ◽  
Martin Eiden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Pond Turtle

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus, which has led to devastating epidemics in African countries and on the Arabian Peninsula. Results of in-vivo, in-vitro and field studies suggested that amphibians and reptiles may play a role as reservoir hosts of RVFV, promoting its maintenance during inter-epidemic periods. To elucidate this hypothesis, we examined two newly established reptile-derived cell lines (Egyptian cobra and Chinese pond turtle) and five previously generated reptile- and amphibian-derived cell lines for their replicative capacity for three low- and high-pathogenic RVFV strains. At different time points after infection, viral loads (TCID50), genome loads and the presence of intracellular viral antigen (immunofluorescence) were assessed. Additionally, the influence of temperatures on the replication was examined. Except for one cell line (read-eared slider), all seven cell lines were infected by all three RVFV strains. Two different terrapin-derived cell lines (Common box turtle, Chinese pond turtle) were highly susceptible. A temperature-dependent replication of RVFV was detected for both amphibian and reptile cells. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate the general permissiveness of amphibian and reptile cell lines to RVFV and propose a potential involvement of terrapins in the virus ecology.

Complement fixation reaction of Rift Valley fever virus

1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Minoru MATSUMOTO ◽  
Saburo IWASA ◽  
Motosige ENDO
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Fixation Reaction

scholarly journals The Use of Nanotrap Particles in the Enhanced Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e0128215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazly Shafagati ◽  
Lindsay Lundberg ◽  
Alan Baer ◽  
Alexis Patanarut ◽  
Katherine Fite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Valley Fever
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