scholarly journals Diurnal Variation of Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Is Disrupted in People Living with HIV

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Wilfried Wenceslas Bazié ◽  
Benjamin Goyer ◽  
Julien Boucher ◽  
Yuwei Zhang ◽  
Delphine Planas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Variation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Content Change ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Mirna Content

Background: Several types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various immune and non-immune cells are present in the human plasma. We previously demonstrated that EV abundance and microRNA content change in pathological conditions, such as HIV infection. Here, we investigated daily variations of large and small EVs, in terms of abundance and microRNA contents in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (HIV+ART) and uninfected controls (HIV−). Methods: Venous blood samples from n = 10 HIV+ART and n = 10 HIV− participants were collected at 10:00 and 22:00 the same day. Large and small plasma EVs were purified, counted, and the mature miRNAs miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-92, miR-155, and miR-223 copies were measured by RT-PCR. Results: Large EVs were significantly bigger in the plasma collected at 10:00 versus 22:00 in both groups. There was a significant day–night increase in the quantity of 5 miRNAs in HIV− large EVs. In HIV+ART, only miR-155 daily variation has been observed in large EVs. Finally, EV-miRNA content permits to distinguish HIV− to HIV+ART in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: These results point that plasma EV amount and microRNA contents are under daily variation in HIV− people. This new dynamic measure is disrupted in PLWH despite viral-suppressive ART. This study highlights a significant difference concerning EV abundance and their content measured at 22:00 between both groups. Therefore, the time of blood collection must be considered in the future for the EV as biomarkers.

scholarly journals Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes May be Useful as Potential Biomarkers of Immune Activation in People With HIV

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Wilfried Wenceslas Bazié ◽  
Julien Boucher ◽  
Julien Vitry ◽  
Benjamin Goyer ◽  
Jean Pierre Routy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Mirna Content

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intercellular messengers with epigenetic potential since they can shuttle microRNA (miRNA). EVs and miRNA play a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection immunopathogenesis. Chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation during HIV infection despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH). Analysis of plasma EVs and their miRNA content may be useful as immune activation or inflammatory biomarkers in PLWH receiving ART. In this study, we hypothesized that the number, size, and miRNA of large and small EVs could reflect immune activation associated with an elevated CD8 T-cell count or a low CD4/CD8 ratio in PLWH.Methods: Plasma EVs subtype purified from PLWH and uninfected controls were sized using dynamic light scattering and quantified using flow cytometry and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. Expression of mature miRNAs miR-92, miR-155, miR-223 was measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in EVs and leucocytes.Results: HIV infection induces increased production of small EVs in plasma. EV subtypes were differentially enriched in miR-92, miR-155, and miR-223. Positive correlations between CD8 T-cell count and large EVs abundance and small EVs AChE activity were observed. CD4/CD8 ratio was negatively correlated with small EV AChE activity, and miRNA-155 level per small EV was negatively correlated with CD8 T-cell count.Conclusions: These findings suggest that quantifying large or small EVs and profiling miRNA content per EV might provide new functional biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation.

PERAN WARGA PEDULI AIDS CAHAYA CARE TUREN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS HIDUP ODHA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Nurhudi Sasono
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract : Indicator of the health welfare through Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) is to reduce the incidence of HIV-AIDS, decrease the rate of the epidemic and maintain the quality of life of people living with HIV-AIDS (PLWHA). Trend cases of HIV-AIDS is the most recent spread among people, especially housewives. In Malang until 2015 found 278 Housewife of 409 cases of AIDS. The prevalence of HIV-AIDS in Malang Regency is ranked second after Surabaya city in East Java. For the importance of public participation and citizen care AIDS Cahaya Care Turen take responsibility for the condition. Determination Rule Goverment number 2 2015 year on the Participation of the community response to HIV-AIDS in Malang as a legal rule. Concerned Citizens activities AIDS (WPA). WPA Cahaya Care Turen is increases HIV risk and quality of life PLWHA. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Citizens AIDS Cahaya Care Quality of Care Turen against people living with HIV in Puskesmas Turen Malang. The study design using a quasi-experimental, with purposive sampling using a sampling technique. Total number of research subjects 23. Based on test results obtained with the Wilcoxon p value <0.005, which means that there is a significant difference before and after PLWHA joining participated in the WPA Cahaya Care Turen. The conclusion of this study is WPA activities involving people living with HIV and at risk groups can optimize compliance with antiretroviral drugs that have an impact on improving the quality of life of PLHIV. Suggestions in this research is done WPA Program activities are structured and ongoing cross-sector in order to improve the quality of life and empower PLWHA.Keywords : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, Quality of life, PLWHA Abstrak : Salah satu indikator kesejahteraan kesehatan melalui Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menekan angka kejadian HIV-AIDS, menurunkan laju epidemik dan mempertahankan kualitas hidup Orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA). Trend kasus HIV-AIDS terkini terbanyak adalah menjangkit dikalangan masyarakat khususnya pada ibu rumah tangga. Kabupaten Malang sampai dengan tahun 2015 ditemukan 278 Ibu Rumah Tangga dari 409 kasus AIDS. Prevalensi HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang ini merupakan peringkat kedua di Jawa Timur setelah Kota Surabaya. Untuk itu pentingnya peran serta masyarakat dan warga peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap kondisi tersebut. Penetapan Peraturan Bupati Malang no.2 th.2015 tentang Peran serta masyarakat penanggulangan HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang diharapkan dapat mengurangi risiko penularan HIV dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup ODHA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peran Warga Peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen terhadap Kualitas ODHA Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Turen Kabupaten Malang. Desain penelitian menggunakan quasi eksperimen, dengan teknik sampling menggunakan purposive sampling. Jumlah subyek penelitian sejumlah 23. Berdasarkan hasil uji dengan Wilcoxon didapatkan nilai p value < 0.005 yang berarti bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna sebelum dan sesudah ODHA bergabung mengikuti kegiatan WPA Cahaya Care Turen. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah kegiatan WPA dengan melibatkan ODHA dan kelompok beresiko dapat mengoptimalkan kepatuhan obat ART sehingga berdampak terhadap peningkatan kualitas hidup ODHA. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukannya Program kegiatan WPA yang terstruktur dan berkesinambungan lintas sektor guna meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan memberdayakan ODHA.     Kata kunci : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, kualitas hidup, ODHA

scholarly journals Food consumption and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): a case of Thika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Nafula Kuria
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the food consumption, dietary habits and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and adults whose HIV status is not established.DesignCross-sectional descriptive survey.SettingThika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya.SubjectsA random sample of 439 adults; 174 adults living with HIV/AIDS and 265 adults whose HIV/AIDS status was not established in Thika and Bungoma Districts.ResultsMajority of PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to build up the immune system and help maintain adequate weight, and there is little variety in the foods they consume. More adults who are HIV-positive are undernourished than those whose status is not established. Of the HIV-positive adults, those with a BMI of ≤18·5 kg/m2 were 23·6 % (Thika 20·0 % and Bungoma 25·7 %) while of the adults whose status is not established those with BMI ≤ 18·5 kg/m2 were 13·9 % (Thika 9·3 % and Bungoma 16·7 %).ConclusionsAdults who are HIV-positive are more likely to be undernourished than those whose status is not established, as there is a significant difference (P = 0·000) between the nutritional status (BMI) of PLWHA and those whose HIV/AIDS status is not established. PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to promote their nutritional well-being and health.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary hypertension among adult patients with HIV infection in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 204589402097151
Author(s):  
Dawit Kebede Huluka ◽  
Desalew Mekonnen ◽  
Sintayehu Abebe ◽  
Amha Meshesha ◽  
Dufera Mekonnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Heart Catheterization ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living With Hiv

Globally, non-communicable diseases are increasing in people living with HIV. Pulmonary hypertension is a rare non-communicable disease in people living with HIV with a reported prevalence of <1%. However, data on pulmonary hypertension in people living with HIV from Africa are scarce and are non-existent from Ethiopia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and severity of echocardiographic pulmonary hypertension and risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension in people living with HIV in Ethiopia. A total of 315 consecutive adult people living with HIV followed at the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital HIV Referral Clinic were enrolled from June 2018 to February 2019. Those with established pulmonary hypertension of known causes were excluded. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, respiratory symptoms, physical findings, physician-diagnosed lung disease, and possible risk factors. Pulmonary hypertension was defined by a tricuspid regurgitant velocity of ≥2.9 m/sec on transthoracic echocardiography. A tricuspid regurgitant velocity ≥3.5, which translates into a pulmonary arterial pressure/right ventricular systolic pressure of ≥50 mmHg, was considered moderate-to-severe pulmonary hypertension. The mean age of the participants was 44.5 ± 9.8 years and 229 (72.7%) were females. Pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed in 44 (14.0%) of participants, of whom 9 (20.5%) had moderate-to-severe disease. In those with pulmonary hypertension, 17 (38.6%) were symptomatic: exertional dyspnea, cough, and leg swelling were seen in 12 (27.3%), 9 (20.5%), and 4 (9.1%), respectively. There was no significant difference in those with pulmonary hypertension compared to those without the disease by gender, cigarette smoking, previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment, physician-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchial asthma, duration of anti-retroviral therapy therapy or anti-retroviral regimen type. Pulmonary hypertension looks to be a frequent complication in people living with HIV in Ethiopia and is often associated with significant cardiopulmonary symptoms. Further studies using right heart catheterization are needed to better determine the etiology and prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in people living with HIV in Ethiopia compared to other countries.

scholarly journals Loco-Regional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in People Living with HIV

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Cristina Micali ◽  
Ylenia Russotto ◽  
Grazia Caci ◽  
Manuela Ceccarelli ◽  
Andrea Marino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cancer Specific Mortality ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75–90% of primary liver cancers and is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the HIV-positive population, the risk of HCC is approximately four times higher than in the general population, with higher cancer-specific mortality than in HIV-negative patients. In most cases, HCC diagnosis is made in patients younger than the HIV-negative population and in the intermediate-advanced stage, thus limiting the therapeutic possibilities. Treatment choice in HIV-positive patients with HCC is subject to cancer staging, liver function and health status, as for HIV-negative and non-HIV-negative HCC patients. There are relatively few studies on the efficacy and safety in HIV-positive patients to date in loco-regional treatments for HCC. So far, literature shows that curative treatments such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have no significant differences in overall survival between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, as opposed to palliative treatments such as TACE, where there is a significant difference in overall survival. Although it can be assumed that the most recently discovered loco-regional therapies are applicable to HIV-positive patients with HCC in the same way as HIV-negative patients, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The purpose of our review is to evaluate these treatments, their efficacy, effectiveness, safety and their applicability to HIV-positive patients.

scholarly journals Effect of probiotic consumption on increasing the CD4+ T cell counts among Iranian patients living with HIV

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Hamid Emadi-Koochak ◽  
Zeinab Siami ◽  
Jayran zebardast ◽  
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi ◽  
Ali Asadollahi-Amin
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Living With Hiv

Purpose During the ART era, persistent immune activation remains a significant challenge in people living with HIV (PLWH). Microbial translocation play an essential role in this setting. Probiotics have several immunological benefits which can reverse this process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the safety and efficacy of probiotics on CD4 counts among Iranian PLWH. Design/methodology/approach In total, 50 PLWH with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm3 did not receive ART participated in a randomized, double-blind trial and underwent 24 weeks of treatment with either LactoCare® or placebo twice daily. CD4 counts of the patients were measured at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 later in the two groups. Side effects were measured monthly using a specific checklist. Findings The mean CD4 count of the patients showed a significant difference between the two groups after six months. Through six months follow up, the mean CD4 count of the patients showed a significant reduction as compared to the baseline in the placebo group; however, it did not show a significant difference in the probiotic group. Repeated Measures Anova test showed a significant effect for time × treatment interaction on the CD4 count during the trial course. No significant difference between the two groups concerning adverse events was reported. Originality/value It seems the use of probiotics in PLWH with a CD4 count above 350 cells/mm3 who are not receiving antiretroviral drugs is safe and can reduce the devastating process of CD4+ T cells in these patients.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of the Ad26.CoV2.S vaccine in people living with HIV

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadija Khan ◽  
Gila Lustig ◽  
Mallory Bernstein ◽  
Derseree Archary ◽  
Sandile Cele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Neutralization Capacity ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background People living with HIV (PLWH) have been reported to have an increased risk of more severe Covid-19 disease outcome and an increased risk of death relative to HIV-uninfected individuals. Here we assessed the ability of the Johnson and Johnson Ad26.CoV2.S vaccine to elicit neutralizing antibodies to the Delta variant in PLWH relative to HIV-uninfected individuals. Methods We enrolled 26 PLWH and 73 HIV-uninfected participants from the SISONKE phase 3b open label South African clinical trial of the Ad26.CoV2.S vaccine in health care workers (HCW) in a prospective observational cohort study. Enrollment was a median 56 days (range 19-98 days) post-vaccination. HCW PLWH had well suppressed HIV viremia. As a comparison, we also enrolled unvaccinated participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. This group consisted of 34 PLWH and 28 HIV-uninfected individuals. We used the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies and any previous record of SARS-CoV-2 infection to differentiate the vaccinated participants into participants who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those not previously infected. Neutralization capacity was assessed using participant plasma in a live virus neutralization assay of the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant currently dominating infections in South Africa. This study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (reference BREC/00001275/2020). Findings Unvaccinated PLWH showed 6-fold reduced neutralization of the Delta variant relative to HIV-uninfected participants (GMT=105 for HIV-uninfected, 15 for PLWH, p=0.001). The majority (68%) of Ad26.CoV2.S vaccinated HCW were found to be previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. In this group, Delta variant neutralization was 9-fold higher compared to the infected only group (GMT of 306 versus 36) and 26-fold higher relative to the vaccinated only group (GMT=12). There was no significant difference in Delta variant neutralization in vaccinated and previously SARS-CoV-2 infected PLWH relative to vaccinated and previously SARS-CoV-2 infected, HIV-uninfected participants (GMT of 300 for PLWH versus 307 for HIV-uninfected). Vaccinated only participants showed a low neutralization of the Delta variant, with a stronger response in PLWH (GMT=73, for PLWH, 6 for HIV-uninfected, p=0.02). Interpretation While PLWH showed reduced neutralization of the Delta variant following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the neutralization response following Ad26.CoV2.S vaccination was not inferior to HIV-uninfected study participants. Funding South African Medical Research Council, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of virological failure, genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV in a minority area in China: a population-based study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Yuan ◽  
Meijing Liu ◽  
Peng Jia ◽  
Yiping Li ◽  
Yuling Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is one of the areas that most severely affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in China, and virological failure on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is serious in this area. Analyses of prevalence and determinants of ART failure, the genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV (PLWH) helps improve HIV treatment efficiency and prevent HIV transmission. Methods A total of 5157 PLWH were recruited from 2016 to 2017. The venous blood samples were subjected to RT-PCR, followed by sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene, targeting the protease and reverse transcriptase fragments. HIV-1 diversity was analyzed using the DNAStar software and drug resistance mutations were analyzed using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Results A total of 2156 (41.81%) PLWH showed virological failure on ART. Males (ORm=1.25), heterosexual behaviors and drug injection (ORm=1.44) and mother to child transmission routes (ORm=1.58), the clinical stage of AIDS (ORm=1.35), having used illicit drugs and shared the needles (1-4 times: ORm=1.34; more than 5 times: ORm=1.52), having ever replaced ART regimen (ORm=1.48) increased the risk of virological failure among PLWH, while higher education lever (ORm=0.77) and ≥12 months on ART (12~36 months: ORm=0.72; ≥36 months: ORm=0.66) was associated with lower likelihood of virological failure. The data revealed that CRF07_BC (1508, 95.62%) were the most common strains, and the drug-resistant rate was 32.10% among PLWH with virological failure in this area. The high frequencies of drug resistance were found in EFV and NVP of NNRTIs, ABC, FTC and 3TC of NRTIs, and TPV/r in PIs. The most common mutations in NNRTIs, NRTIs and PIs were K103N/KN (64.69%), M184V/MV/I (36.29%) and Q58E/QE (4.93%), respectively. Conclusion We concluded that surveillance of virological failure, HIV-1 subtypes, and drug resistance to understand HIV-1 epidemiology and guide modification of ART guidelines, and target prevention and control strategies should be formatted to reduce the virological failure and drug resistance to promote viral suppression and prevent HIV-1 transmission.

scholarly journals Performance of a Novel Low-Cost, Instrument-Free Plasma Separation Device for HIV Viral Load Quantification and Determination of Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV in Malaysia: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh D. Pham ◽  
Berhan A. Haile ◽  
Iskandar Azwa ◽  
Adeeba Kamarulzaman ◽  
Nishaan Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Fresh Plasma ◽  
Living With Hiv

ABSTRACT HIV viral load (VL) testing is the recommended method for monitoring the response of people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The availability of standard plasma VL testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and access to this testing, are limited by the need to use fresh plasma. Good specimen collection methods for HIV VL testing that are applicable to resource-constrained settings are needed. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the filtered dried plasma spot (FDPS), created using the newly developed, instrument-free VLPlasma device, in identifying treatment failure at a VL threshold of 1,000 copies/ml in fresh plasma. Performance was compared with that of the conventional dried blood spot (DBS). Venous blood samples from 201 people living with HIV and attending an infectious disease clinic in Malaysia were collected, and HIV VL was quantified using fresh plasma (the reference standard), FDPS, and DBS specimens. VL testing was done using the Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan v2.0 assay. At a threshold of 1,000 copies/ml, the diagnostic performance of the FDPS was superior (sensitivity, 100% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 89.1 to 100%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 97.8 to 100%]) to that of the DBS (sensitivity, 100% [95% CI, 89.4 to 100%]; specificity, 36.8% [95% CI, 29.4 to 44.7%]) (P < 0.001). A stronger correlation was observed between the FDPS VL and the plasma VL (r = 0.94; P < 0.001) than between the DBS VL and the plasma VL (r = 0.85; P < 0.001). The mean difference in VL measures between the FDPS and plasma (plasma VL minus FDPS VL) was 0.127 log10 copies/ml (standard deviation [SD], 0.32), in contrast to –0.95 log10 copies/ml (SD, 0.84) between the DBS and plasma. HIV VL measurement using the FDPS outperformed that with the DBS in identifying treatment failure at a threshold of 1,000 copies/ml and compared well with the quantification of VL in plasma. The FDPS can be an attractive alternative to fresh plasma for improving access to HIV VL monitoring among people living with HIV on ART in LMICs.

A Critical Investigation into the Existence of Circulating Platelet Aggregates

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 045-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
A R Saniabadi ◽  
G D O Lowe ◽  
R Madhok ◽  
K Spowart ◽  
B Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelet ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Platelet Aggregates

SummaryBy a method of counting single platelets in diluted whole blood, platelet aggregates were quantified ex-vivo. Four groups: 20 thrombotic patients, 10 non-thrombotic patients, 10 healthy old controls and 10 healthy young controls were included in the study. Using a 19 gauge needle, with and without tubing, venous blood was taken into buffered EDTA, as a disaggregating agent and buffered EDTA-formalin, as the fixative. The amount of platelet aggregates quantified was affected by the quality of venepuncture or the rate of blood flow through the needle, but was unaffected by the presence of the tubing. There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups, in terms of the platelet aggregates quantified, but scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of irreversible aggregates, composed of platelet red and white blood cells, in the blood of a greater number of thrombotic patients than non-thrombotic or healthy controls. Platelet aggregates were also quantified in aliquots of platelet rich plasma, and were found to be significantly greater than the corresponding values in whole blood. The difference appeared to be due to increased viscosity of the plasma, induced by the fixative which reduces platelet mobility during centrifugation. It is concluded that the platelet aggregates which disaggregate in bufffered EDTA may represent an artifact of blood collection; the irreversible aggregates are suspected to represent the in vivo circulating aggregates.

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