scholarly journals Explanation of Photon Navigation in the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Optics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-254
Author(s):  
Dirk J. Pons
Keyword(s):  
Functional Ability ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Hidden Variable ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Photon Sorting ◽  
Physical Realism ◽  
Specific Detector ◽  
Frequency Phase ◽  
Photon Path

Photons in interferometers manifest the functional ability to simultaneously navigate both paths through the device, but eventually appear at only one outlet. How this relates to the physical behaviour of the particle is still ambiguous, even though mathematical representation of the problem is adequate. This paper applies a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) solution, in the form of the Cordus theory, to explain photon path dilemmas in the Mach–Zehnder (MZ) interferometer. The findings suggest that the partial mirrors direct the two reactive ends of the Cordus photon structures to different legs of the apparatus, depending on the energisation state of the photon. Explanations are provided for a single photon in the interferometer in the default, open-path, and sample modes. The apparent intelligence in the system is not because the photon knows which path to take, but rather because the MZ interferometer is a finely-tuned photon-sorting device that auto-corrects for randomness in the frequency phase to direct the photon to a specific detector. The principles also explain other tunnelling phenomena involving barriers. Thus, navigation dilemmas in the MZ interferometer may be explained in terms of physical realism after all.

scholarly journals Spurious poles in the scattering of electric and magnetic charges

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Terning ◽  
Christopher B. Verhaaren
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Scattering Amplitudes ◽  
Pair Production ◽  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Magnetic Interactions ◽  
Parity Conservation ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The Way

Abstract Theories with both electric and magnetic charges (“mutually non-local” theories) have several major obstacles to calculating scattering amplitudes. Even when the interaction arises through the kinetic mixing of two, otherwise independent, U(1)’s, so that all low-energy interactions are perturbative, difficulties remain: using a self-dual, local formalism leads to spurious poles at any finite order in perturbation theory. Correct calculations must show how the spurious poles cancel in observable scattering amplitudes. Consistency requires that one type of charge is confined as a result of one of the U(1)’s being broken. Here we show how the constraints of confinement and parity conservation on observable processes manages to cancel the spurious poles in scattering and pair production amplitudes, paving the way for systematic studies of the experimental signatures of “dark” electric-magnetic processes. Along the way we demonstrate some novel effects in electric-magnetic interactions, including that the amplitude for single photon production of magnetic particles by electric particles vanishes.

scholarly journals Long-range depth imaging using a single-photon detector array and non-local data fusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Chan ◽  
Abderrahim Halimi ◽  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Istvan Gyongy ◽  
Robert K. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Detector Array ◽  
Photon Detector ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
Depth Imaging ◽  
Non Local

scholarly journals Speed of Light as an Emergent Property of the Fabric

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Dirk J. Pons ◽  
Arion D. Pons ◽  
Aiden J. Pons
Keyword(s):  
Optical Materials ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Hidden Variable ◽  
Cosmological Principle ◽  
Fabric Density ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
The Universe

<p class="1Body"><strong>Problem</strong>- The theory of Relativity is premised on the constancy of the speed of light (c) in-vacuo. While no empirical evidence convincingly shows the speed to be variable, nonetheless from a theoretical perspective the invariance is an assumption. <strong>Need-</strong> It is possible that the evidence could be explained by a different theory. <strong>Approach</strong>- A non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) solution, the Cordus particule theory, is applied to identify the causes of variability in the fabric density, and then show how this affects the speed of light. <strong>Findings</strong>- Under these assumptions the speed of light is variable (VSL), being inversely proportional to fabric density. This is because the discrete fields of the photon interact dynamically with the fabric and therefore consume frequency cycles of the photon. The fabric arises from aggregation of fields from particles, which in turn depends on the proximity and spatial distribution of matter. Results disfavour the universal applicability of the cosmological principle of homogeneity and isotropy of the universe. <strong>Originality</strong>- The work proposes causal mechanisms for VSL, which have otherwise been challenging to ascertain. Uniquely, this theory identifies fabric density as the dependent variable. In contrast, other VSL models propose that c varies with time or some geometric-like scale, but struggle to provide plausible reasons for that dependency. This theory also offers a conceptually simply way to reconcile the refraction of light in both gravitational situations and optical materials.</p>

scholarly journals The Misuse of the No-Communication Theorem by Ghirardi - In The Analysis of a Non-Local Communication SystemThat Effectively Swaps Distant Joint Entanglement to Local Path Entanglement of an Interferometer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi Cornwall
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Entanglement Swapping ◽  
Schmidt Decomposition ◽  
Partial Trace ◽  
Local Communication ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Local Path ◽  
Joint Evolution

This paper is in response to a critique of the author&rsquo;s earlier papers on the matter of a non-local communication system by Ghirardi. The setup has merit for not apparently falling for the usual pitfalls of putative communication schemes, as espoused by the No-communication theorem (NCT) - that of non-factorisability. The enquiry occurred from the investigation of two interferometer based communication systems: one two-photon entanglement, the other single-photon path entanglement. Both systems have two parties: a sender (&ldquo;Alice&rdquo;) who transmits or absorbs her particle and a receiver (&ldquo;Bob&rdquo;) who has an interferometer, which can discern a pure or mixed state, ahead of his detector. Ghirardi used the density matrix and found that the system wasn&rsquo;t factorisable; this was seen as a fulfilment of the NCT. We revisit the analysis and say quite simply that Ghirardi is mistaken. The system is rendered factorisable by a Schmidt decomposition and entanglement swapping to &ldquo;which path information&rdquo; of the interferometer; also one must consider the joint evolution before taking the partial trace. Ghirardi&rsquo;s misuse, by the inapplicability of the NCT in this situation, renders this general prohibitive bar incomplete or entirely wrong.

Non-Local Restoration Of Sparse 3d Single-Photon Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songmao Chen ◽  
Abderrahim Halimi ◽  
Ximing Ren ◽  
Aongus McCarthy ◽  
Xiuqin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Non Local

scholarly journals Learning Non-Local Spatial Correlations To Restore Sparse 3D Single-Photon Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 3119-3131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songmao Chen ◽  
Abderrahim Halimi ◽  
Ximing Ren ◽  
Aongus McCarthy ◽  
Xiuqin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Non Local

scholarly journals Demonstration of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering Using Single-Photon Path Entanglement and Displacement-Based Detection

2016 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Guerreiro ◽  
F. Monteiro ◽  
A. Martin ◽  
J. B. Brask ◽  
T. Vértesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Displacement Based ◽  
Photon Path

scholarly journals Fractional thermal diffusion and the heat equation

Open Physics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gómez ◽  
Luis Morales ◽  
Mario González ◽  
Victor Alvarado ◽  
Guadalupe López
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Alternative Representation ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Temporal Derivative ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Fractional Space

AbstractFractional calculus is the branch of mathematical analysis that deals with operators interpreted as derivatives and integrals of non-integer order. This mathematical representation is used in the description of non-local behaviors and anomalous complex processes. Fourier’s lawfor the conduction of heat exhibit anomalous behaviors when the order of the derivative is considered as 0 < β,ϒ ≤ 1 for the space-time domain respectively. In this paper we proposed an alternative representation of the fractional Fourier’s law equation, three cases are presented; with fractional spatial derivative, fractional temporal derivative and fractional space-time derivative (both derivatives in simultaneous form). In this analysis we introduce fractional dimensional parameters σ

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