scholarly journals Effects of Experimental Ocean Acidification on the Larval Morphology and Metabolism of a Temperate Sparid, Chrysoblephus laticeps

Oceans ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Cuen Muller ◽  
Amber-Robyn Childs ◽  
Nicola C. James ◽  
Warren M. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Growth Metrics ◽  
Commercially Important

Ocean acidification is predicted to have widespread impacts on marine species. The early life stages of fishes, being particularly sensitive to environmental deviations, represent a critical bottleneck to recruitment. We investigated the effects of ocean acidification (∆pH = −0.4) on the oxygen consumption and morphometry during the early ontogeny of a commercially important seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps, up until flexion. Hatchlings appeared to be tolerant to hypercapnic conditions, exhibiting no difference in oxygen consumption or morphometry between treatments, although the yolk reserves were marginally reduced in the low-pH treatment. The preflexion stages appeared to undergo metabolic depression, exhibiting lower metabolic rates along with lower growth metrics in hypercapnic conditions. However, although the sample sizes were low, the flexion-stage larvae exhibited greater rates of metabolic and growth metric increases in hypercapnic conditions. This study shows that the effects of OA may be stage specific during early ontogeny and potentially related to the development of crucial organs, such as the gills. Future studies investigating the effects of climate change on fish larvae should endeavour to include multiple developmental stages in order to make more accurate predictions on recruitment dynamics for the coming decades.

scholarly journals Is the perceived resiliency of fish larvae to ocean acidification masking more subtle effects?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 17043-17070 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Pope ◽  
R. P. Ellis ◽  
M. Scolamacchia ◽  
J. W. S. Scolding ◽  
A. Keay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
European Sea Bass ◽  
Near Future

Abstract. Ocean acidification, caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), is widely considered to be a major global threat to marine ecosystems. To investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of a commercially important fish species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), 12 000 larvae were incubated from hatch through metamorphosis under a matrix of two temperatures (17 and 19 °C) and two seawater pCO2s (400 and 750 μatm) and sampled regularly for 42 days. Calculated daily mortality was significantly affected by both temperature and pCO2, with both increased temperature and elevated pCO2 associated with lower daily mortality and a significant interaction between these two factors. There was no significant pCO2 effect noted on larval morphology during this period but larvae raised at 19 °C possessed significantly larger eyes and lower carbon:nitrogen ratios at the end of the study compared to those raised under 17 °C. These results suggest that D. labrax larvae are resilient to near-future oceanic conditions. However, when the incubation was continued to post-metamorphic (juvenile) animals (day 67–69), fish raised under a combination of 19 °C and 750 μatm pCO2 were significantly heavier and exhibited lower aerobic scopes than those incubated at 19 °C and 400 μatm. Most other studies investigating the effects of near-future oceanic conditions on the early life stages of marine fish have used incubations of relatively short durations and suggested these animals are resilient to ocean acidification. We propose the durations of these other studies may be insufficient for more subtle effects, such as those observed in this study, to become apparent. These findings may have important implications for both sea bass in a changing ocean and also for the interpretation of results from other studies that have shown resiliency in marine teleosts exposed to higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.

scholarly journals Are Microplastics Impairing Marine Fish Larviculture?—Preliminary Results with Argyrosomus regius

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Diana Campos ◽  
Andreia C. M. Rodrigues ◽  
Rui J. M. Rocha ◽  
Roberto Martins ◽  
Ana Candeias-Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

The presence of small-sized (<300 µm) microplastics (MPs) in aquaculture facilities may threaten finfish hatchery, as their (in)voluntary ingestion by fish larvae may compromise nutritional requirements during early ontogeny, and consequently larval health and performance. Thus, we addressed the short-term effects (7 h) of polyethylene microplastics (0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/L, PE-MPs) in meagre larvae Argyrosomus regius (15 dph) in the presence/absence of food. Larval feeding behavior, oxidative stress status, neurotoxicity, and metabolic requirements were evaluated. Results showed that meagre larvae ingested PE-MPs regardless of their concentration, decreasing in the presence of food (Artemia metanauplii). The presence of PE-MPs compromised larval feeding activity at the highest concentration. Under starvation, exposed larvae activated the antioxidant defenses by increasing the total glutathione levels and inhibiting catalase activity, which seemed efficient to prevent oxidative damage. Such larvae also presented increased energy consumption potentially related to oxidative damage prevention and decreased neurotransmission. Biochemical responses of fed larvae showed a similar trend, except for LPO, which remained unaffected, except at 0.1 mg/PE-MPs/L. Our results suggest that small-sized MPs in finfish hatcheries may compromise larvae nutritional requirements, but at considerably higher levels than those reported in marine environments. Nevertheless, cumulative adverse effects due to lower MPs concentrations may occur.

scholarly journals Feeding of the Brycon cephalus, Triportheus elongatus and Semaprochilodus insignis (osteichthyes, characiformes) larvae in Solimões/Amazonas River and floodplain areas.

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosseval Galdino LEITE ◽  
Carlos A.R.M. ARAUJO-LIMA
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Trophic Relations ◽  
Fish Feeding ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Flooded Forests ◽  
Commercially Important

Information on larval fish feeding is essential for understanding their trophic relations, including the management in conditions totally or partially controlled by humans. An experiment was designed to evaluate the larval diets of three commercially important species. Four varzea-lakes and the adjacent river were sampled with bongo and hand nets from January 1993 to November 1995. Larval diets were evaluated by length-classes and capture sites, and were tested by two factor ANOVA. The larvae were feeding in all habitats, except in the flooded forests. The three species had different diets, which varied with their length and lake. The rotifers were the main initial food item of the three species, replaced by fish larvae in Brycon cephalus, cladocerans in Triportheus elongatus and detritus in Semaprochilodus insignis. The increase of the ingestion limit, as the larvae grew, was higher than the increase in the consumed prey size for the three species.

scholarly journals Capture efficiency for small dominant mesozooplankters (Copepoda, Appendicularia) off Buenos Aires Province (34ºS-41ºS), Argentine Sea, using two plankton mesh sizes

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Di Mauro ◽  
Fabiana Capitanio ◽  
María Delia Viñas
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Oikopleura Dioica ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Argentine Sea ◽  
Significant Difference

Two plankton mesh sizes of 67 µm and 220 µm were compared to evaluate their efficiency in the capture of the smallest copepods and appendicularians present in the Buenos Aires coastal area (Argentine Sea). A total of 12 copepod species and one appendicularian species were recorded in this study. The copepods were separated into 4 groups: harpacticoids, cyclopoids, small calanoids and large calanoids and their developmental stages. Among the cyclopoids, Oithona nana was the most abundant species, being 96.29 % underestimated by the 220 µm mesh, whereas Microsetella norvegica dominated the harpacticoids and was captured exclusively by the smaller mesh. Similar results were found for copepodites I-III of small calanoids, whose net sampled underestimation reached 99.70%. On the other hand, no significant difference between meshes was found for adults and copepodites IV-V of small calanoids or any of the developmental stages of large calanoids. A great loss of biomass was observed for O. nana when applying the larger mesh. In regards to the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica, all size ranges below 1,000 µm length were better estimated by the 67 µm mesh in terms of abundance and biomass. Our results clearly show that the 67 µm mesh was more efficient in the capture of early stages of small copepods thus providing a more accurate estimation of the fish larvae prey field.

scholarly journals Response of Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) and Coexisting Natives to Competition, Shade, and Flooding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaniyi O Ajala ◽  
Kathryn R Kidd ◽  
Brian P Oswald ◽  
Yuhui Weng ◽  
Jeremy P Stovall
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Chinese Tallow ◽  
Growth Metrics ◽  
Water Tupelo

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the interactive effect of light, flooding, and competition on the growth and performance of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera [L.] Roxb.) and three tree species native to the southeastern United States: water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), sugarberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall). The experiment used a factorial design that received two treatments: light (low irradiance or high irradiance) and flood (nonflooded and flooded) regimes. In the nonflooded and high irradiance treatment, changes in the growth (ground diameter, number of leaves, and total biomass) indicated that growth metrics of tallow were highest when growing with sugarberry and water tupelo but decreased when tallow was in competition with green ash. In contrast, competition with tallow reduced the height, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of water tupelo. The results showed that tallow had lower growth metrics when in competition with green ash at no apparent decrease in the growth of green ash except for growth rate. Our results suggest that tallow may be less competitive with certain native species and underplanting may be a possible opportunity for improving the success rates of native trees species establishment in areas prone to tallow invasion. Study Implications: Chinese tallow is a highly invasive tree species in the southeastern coastal states and in this study, we examined the growth and survival of tallow in competition with tree species native to the southeastern coastal states, USA. The growth of tallow differed greatly among native species in well-drained environments lacking forest overstory with lower growth metrics when grown with green ash but higher growth metrics when grown with water tupelo and sugarberry. Following density reduction treatments, we recommend management actions that promote the regeneration of native tree species to occupy the open vegetation canopy and suppress reestablishment of tallow.

scholarly journals Shell mineralogy of a foundational marine species, Mytilus californianus, over half a century in a changing ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. e2004769118
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Bullard ◽  
Ivan Torres ◽  
Tianqi Ren ◽  
Olivia A. Graeve ◽  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Mytilus Californianus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Time Periods

Anthropogenic warming and ocean acidification are predicted to negatively affect marine calcifiers. While negative effects of these stressors on physiology and shell calcification have been documented in many species, their effects on shell mineralogical composition remains poorly known, especially over longer time periods. Here, we quantify changes in the shell mineralogy of a foundation species, Mytilus californianus, under 60 y of ocean warming and acidification. Using historical data as a baseline and a resampling of present-day populations, we document a substantial increase in shell calcite and decrease in aragonite. These results indicate that ocean pH and saturation state, not temperature or salinity, play a strong role in mediating the shell mineralogy of this species and reveal long-term changes in this trait under ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Extreme Levels of Ocean Acidification Restructure the Plankton Community and Biogeochemistry of a Temperate Coastal Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Spisla ◽  
Jan Taucher ◽  
Lennart T. Bach ◽  
Mathias Haunost ◽  
Tim Boxhammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Plankton Community ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Mesozooplankton Community ◽  
Planktonic Food ◽  
Elemental Stoichiometry ◽  
Secondary Consumers ◽  
Induced Changes

The oceans’ uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) decreases seawater pH and alters the inorganic carbon speciation – summarized in the term ocean acidification (OA). Already today, coastal regions experience episodic pH events during which surface layer pH drops below values projected for the surface ocean at the end of the century. Future OA is expected to further enhance the intensity of these coastal extreme pH events. To evaluate the influence of such episodic OA events in coastal regions, we deployed eight pelagic mesocosms for 53 days in Raunefjord, Norway, and enclosed 56–61 m3 of local seawater containing a natural plankton community under nutrient limited post-bloom conditions. Four mesocosms were enriched with CO2 to simulate extreme pCO2 levels of 1978 – 2069 μatm while the other four served as untreated controls. Here, we present results from multivariate analyses on OA-induced changes in the phyto-, micro-, and mesozooplankton community structure. Pronounced differences in the plankton community emerged early in the experiment, and were amplified by enhanced top-down control throughout the study period. The plankton groups responding most profoundly to high CO2 conditions were cyanobacteria (negative), chlorophyceae (negative), auto- and heterotrophic microzooplankton (negative), and a variety of mesozooplanktonic taxa, including copepoda (mixed), appendicularia (positive), hydrozoa (positive), fish larvae (positive), and gastropoda (negative). The restructuring of the community coincided with significant changes in the concentration and elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter. Results imply that extreme CO2 events can lead to a substantial reorganization of the planktonic food web, affecting multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to primary and secondary consumers.

scholarly journals Long-term changes of ichthyoplankton communities in an Iberian estuary are driven by varying hydrodynamic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Monteiro ◽  
U M Azeiteiro ◽  
F Martinho ◽  
M A Pardal ◽  
A L Primo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Species Dominance

Abstract Ichthyoplankton assemblages are key components of estuaries worldwide, playing a vital role as nurseries for fish larvae. Nonetheless, estuaries can be highly affected by ongoing climate change. Impacts of climate variability on ichthyoplankton assemblages will have consequences for marine pelagic food webs and fish populations biology, namely recruitment. This study aims to investigate the influence of environmental variability on an interannual abundance of ichthyoplankton assemblages of the Mondego estuary (Portugal). For this, an ichthyoplankton sampling programme of 13 years (2003–2015) along six distinct sampling stations was analysed to evaluate spatial, seasonal and interannual changes of ichthyoplankton distribution over periods of wet, regular and dry conditions. The ichthyoplanktonic community was dominated by Pomatoschistus spp. across all seasons and conditions, with higher larval abundances during summer and spring. Main changes were related to species seasonality and phenology as well as an increase in the number of marine species during extreme events. The larval fish community showed a strong relationship with the regional and local environment over the study, presenting a distinct yet highly variable structure during the 2009–2013 period. Reported changes will likely trigger major changes in species dominance and abundance, with clear ecological and socio-economic implications.

scholarly journals Near-future levels of ocean acidification do not affect sperm motility and fertilization kinetics in the oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i>

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3009-3015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Havenhand ◽  
P. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sperm Swimming Speed ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Fertilization Kinetics

Abstract. An increasing number of studies are now reporting the effects of ocean acidification on a broad range of marine species, processes and systems. Many of these are investigating the sensitive early life-history stages that several major reviews have highlighted as being potentially most susceptible to ocean acidification. Nonetheless there remain few investigations of the effects of ocean acidification on the very earliest, and critical, process of fertilization, and still fewer that have investigated levels of ocean acidification relevant for the coming century. Here we report the effects of near-future levels of ocean acidification (≈−0.35 pH unit change) on sperm swimming speed, sperm motility, and fertilization kinetics in a population of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from western Sweden. We found no significant effect of ocean acidification – a result that was well-supported by power analysis. Similar findings from Japan suggest that this may be a globally robust result, and we emphasise the need for experiments on multiple populations from throughout a species' range. We also discuss the importance of sound experimental design and power analysis in meaningful interpretation of non-significant results.

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