scholarly journals Assessment of a Salt Reduction Intervention on Adult Population Salt Intake in Fiji

Nutrients ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arti Pillay ◽  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Joseph Santos ◽  
Arleen Sukhu ◽  
Jimaima Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Reduction

scholarly journals Impact of the 2003 to 2018 Population Salt Intake Reduction Program in England

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1094
Author(s):  
Sergi Alonso ◽  
Monique Tan ◽  
Changqiong Wang ◽  
Seamus Kent ◽  
Linda Cobiac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Reduction Program

The United Kingdom was among the first countries to introduce a salt reduction program in 2003 to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence risk. Despite its initial success, the program has stalled recently and is yet to achieve national and international targets. We used age- and sex-stratified salt intake of 19 to 64 years old participants in the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys 2000 to 2018 and a multistate life table model to assess the effects of the voluntary dietary salt reduction program on premature CVD, quality-adjusted survival, and health care and social care costs in England. The program reduced population-level salt intake from 9.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.16) in 2000 to 8.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.17) in 2018. Compared with a scenario of persistent 2000 levels, assuming that the population-level salt intake is maintained at 2018 values, by 2050, the program is projected to avoid 83 140 (95% CI, 73 710–84 520) premature ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases and 110 730 (95% CI, 98 390–112 260) premature strokes, generating 542 850 (95% CI, 529 020–556 850) extra quality-adjusted life-years and £1640 million (95% CI, £1570–£1660) health care cost savings for the adult population of England. We also projected the gains of achieving the World Health Organization target of 5 grams/day per adult by 2030, which by 2050 would avert further 87 870 (95% CI, 82 050–88 470) premature IHD cases, 126 010 (95% CI, 118 600–126 460) premature strokes and achieve £1260 million (95% CI, £1180–£1260) extra health care savings compared with maintaining 2018 levels. Strengthening the salt reduction program to achieve further reductions in population salt intake and CVD burden should be a high priority.

Abstract P352: Trend of Salt Consumption in Italy From 2008 to 2018: Preliminary Results of the Cuore Project

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Donfrancesco ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
Ornella Russo ◽  
Daniela Minutoli ◽  
Anna Di Lonardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Random Samples

Introduction: The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan (NPP) 2014-2019, with the collaboration of the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy (GIRCSI). Hypothesis: Agreements between the MoH and the associations of artisan bakers and food industry companies were signed since 2009 to reduce the salt content in bread and in other food products. Within the NPP, initiatives as local inter-sectors agreements and information activities for the population and training for food sector operators are implemented. In order to estimate the habitual salt intake and its trend in the general adult population, national surveys, funded by the MoH-CCM, are conducted within the CUORE Project. Methods: Baseline salt intake by the use of 24h urine collections was assessed in 2008-2012 from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years, resident in all Italian 20 Regions. A new survey is ongoing (2018-2019) involving random samples of persons aged 35-74 years, resident in 10 Regions. Urinary sodium excretion is assayed by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Comparisons are made considering, for both periods, the seven regions examined up to now in the ongoing survey and the age range of 35-74 years. Results: Within the 2018-2019 survey, mean level of sodium chloride per day in 673 men and 709 women was 161 mmol (95% confidence interval: 156-166 mmol) and 122 mmol (119-126 mmol) respectively, whereas in the 2008-2012 survey the corresponding mean levels in 642 men and 627 women was 183 mmol (95% confidence interval: 178-189 mmol) and 140 mmol (135-144 mmol), respectively. A sodium chloride intake level within the WHO recommended upper level of 85 mmol (or 5 grams of salt) per day was detected in 9% (6-11%) of men and 24% (20-27%) of women examined in 2018-2019 vs 5% (3-6%) of men and 16% (13-19%) of women examined in 2008-2012. Conclusions: These preliminary data show that the average habitual sodium intake in Italy is still largely higher than recommended but a significant reduction seems to occur. These results fully justify and encourage the ongoing preventive initiatives for reduction of sodium intake and its monitoring in the population.

scholarly journals Preventive actions for the gradual reduction of excessive salt intake and its monitoring in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
P Bellisario ◽  
D Galeone ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
O Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Preventive Actions

Abstract Issue The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of NCDs recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan (NPP) 2014-2019, with the collaboration of the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy (GIRCSI). Description of the problem According to the “Gaining Health” Programme, agreements between the MoH and the associations of artisan bakers and food industry companies were signed since 2009 to reduce the salt content in bread and in other food products. The reduction of excessive salt intake is one of the main objective of the NPP 2014-2019 pursued by the Regions through initiatives as local inter-sectors agreements and information activities for the population and training for food sector operators. The Italian Institute of Health conducts national surveys to estimate habitual salt intake in the general adult population by collecting 24h urine. Baseline assessment was in 2008-2012 from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years, resident in all 20 Regions. A new survey is ongoing (2018-2019) involving persons aged 35-74 years, resident in 10 Regions. Surveys are funded by the MoH-CCM; urinary sodium excretion is effected by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Results The baseline survey showed a mean sodium excretion of 10.6 g/24h (95% confidence interval 10.5-10.8) in 1963 men and 8.2g/24h (8.1-8.4) in 1894 women. Results of the ongoing survey are expected in the coming months. Lessons In Italy preventive actions of salt reduction supported by the MoH have been implemented. Estimation of salt intake in diet by 24h/urine is included. Results of baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025. Key messages In Italy inter-sectors preventive actions of salt reduction are implemented. Results of the baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate in Italy the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025.

scholarly journals Salt Intake in Nigeria: a nationwide population survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N Odili ◽  
B.S Chori ◽  
B Danladi ◽  
P.C Nwakile ◽  
J.O Ogedengbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Population wide salt reduction programmes are cost effective strategies for control of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Obtaining a nationwide salt consumption data in a multi-cultural setting as Nigeria's is key for proper implementation and monitoring of such strategy. Methods We measured sodium in 24-hour urine of free-living adult Nigerians selected from an urban and a rural site each from the 6 geopolitical zones of Nigeria to evaluate patterns of salt intake and its associations with blood pressures (BP). Results Across the 12 sites, sodium intake ranged from 97.9 in the rural South-South to 210 mmol/day in the urban site of the same zone. Overall, the median (IQR) daily sodium intake was 143.5 (97.8) mmol; with higher (p=0.0028) levels among the urban 149.7 (113.8) compared to the rural 133.1 (105.2) dwellers. Overall, 20% of the subjects consumed less than the recommended 2g (86mmol) of sodium daily. After adjustment for age, sex and BMI; sodium intake and BP (systolic and diastolic) were positively associated in 8 out of the 12 sites; significantly so in 2 (p<0.05) for systolic. Within population analysis; which included 973 individuals, increasing sodium intake tended (not significantly) to increase SBP but decrease DBP. However, among subjects whose sodium intake was in excess of 257mmol/day, a 100 mmol/day increase in sodium intake was significantly (p=0.04) associated with a 3.3 mmHg increase in SBP. Conclusion Salt intake among Nigerians is higher than the recommended. The impact of sodium intake on BP appears to be evident only among individuals with high salt intake. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Wellcome Trust

scholarly journals Developing a policy to reduce the salt content of food consumed outside the home in Malaysia: protocol of a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e044628
Author(s):  
Mhairi Karen Brown ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Yee Xing You ◽  
Viola Michael ◽  
Hazreen Abdul Majid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Research Ethics Committee ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
Medical Research Ethics

IntroductionCurrent salt intake in Malaysia is high. The existing national salt reduction policy has faced slow progress and does not yet include measures to address the out of home sector. Dishes consumed in the out of home sector are a known leading contributor to daily salt intake. This study aims to develop a salt reduction strategy, tailored to the out of home sector in Malaysia.Methods and analysisThis study is a qualitative analysis of stakeholder views towards salt reduction. Participants will be recruited from five zones of Malaysia (Western, Northern, Eastern and Southern regions and East Malaysia), including policy-makers, non-governmental organisations, food industries, school canteen operators, street food vendors and consumers, to participate in focus group discussions or in-depth interviews. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Barriers will be identified and used to develop a tailored salt reduction strategy.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Research Ethics Committee (UKM PPI/1118/JEP-2020–524), the Malaysian National Medical Research Ethics Committee (NMRR-20-1387-55481 (IIR)) and Queen Mary University of London Research Ethics Committee (QMERC2020/37) . Results will be presented orally and in report form and made available to the relevant ministries for example, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Trade to encourage adoption of strategy as policy. The findings of this study will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and webinars.

scholarly journals Protocol for the Process Evaluation of a Complex, Statewide Intervention to Reduce Salt Intake in Victoria, Australia

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Stephen Jan ◽  
Mark Woodward ◽  
Carley Grimes ◽  
Bruce Bolam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Campaign Evaluation ◽  
Reduced Salt

Systematic reviews of trials consistently demonstrate that reducing salt intake lowers blood pressure. However, there is limited evidence on how interventions function in the real world to achieve sustained population-wide salt reduction. Process evaluations are crucial for understanding how and why an intervention resulted in its observed effect in that setting, particularly for complex interventions. This project presents the detailed protocol for a process evaluation of a statewide strategy to lower salt intake in Victoria, Australia. We describe the pragmatic methods used to collect and analyse data on six process evaluation dimensions: reach, dose or adoption, fidelity, effectiveness, context and cost, informed by Linnan and Steckler’s framework and RE-AIM. Data collection methods include routinely collected administrative data; surveys of processed foods, the population, food industry and organizations; targeted campaign evaluation and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data will be triangulated to provide validation or context for one another. This process evaluation will contribute new knowledge about what components of the intervention are important to salt reduction strategies and how the interventions cause reduced salt intake, to inform the transferability of the program to other Australian states and territories. This protocol can be adapted for other population-based, complex, disease prevention interventions.

Effects of Salt Intake on Sympathetic Neural and Pressor Responses to Cold Pressor Test in Premenopausal Women with A History of Normal Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Takeda ◽  
Abigail S.L. Stickford ◽  
Stuart A. Best ◽  
Jeung-Ki Yoo ◽  
Yu-Lun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Cold Stimulus ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
History Of

Excessive salt intake is considered a risk factor for the development of hypertension. Additionally, aberrant neuro-circulatory responses to a cold stimulus are associated with an increased risk of hypertension. This study aimed to determine whether salt loading versus salt reduction would impact hemodynamic and sympathetic neural responses during the cold pressor test (CPT) in premenopausal women with a history of normal pregnancy. Nine healthy premenopausal women [42±3 (SD) yr] were given a standardized isocaloric high salt (HS; 250 mEq sodium/day) or low salt (LS; 50 mEq sodium/day) diet for 1-week each (~2 months apart with the order randomized), while water intake was ad libitum. Laboratory testing was performed following each HS and LS period in the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Subjects were in the supine position and beat-by-beat blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were continuously measured during 1-minute baseline followed by 2-minute CPT and 3-minute recovery. BP and HR increased during the CPT (both P<0.001); the responses were similar between HS and LS. MSNA increased during the CPT, but the increment (D) was greater during HS than LS (29±6 vs. 15±4 bursts/min; P<0.001). The transduction of MSNA for vasoconstriction during the CPT was lower in HS (P<0.05). Thus, salt loading augments sympathetic neural reactivity to the cold stimulus with similar pressor responses compared to salt reduction, which may be attributed to the blunted neurovascular transduction ─ a compensatory mechanism for hemodynamic homeostasis in premenopausal women with a history of normal pregnancy.

scholarly journals Salt and cardiovascular disease in PURE: A large sample size cannot make up for erroneous estimations

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 147032031881001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Tan ◽  
Feng J He ◽  
Graham A MacGregor
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Methodological Problems

The latest Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study claims that salt reduction should be confined to settings where its intake exceeds 12.7 g/day and that eating less than 11.1 g/day of salt could increase cardiovascular risk. More specifically, Mente et al. suggested that (a) salt intake was positively associated with stroke only when it exceeded 12.7 g/day, (b) salt intake was inversely associated with myocardial infarction and total mortality, and (c) these associations were largely independent of blood pressure. These provocative findings challenge the robust evidence on the role of salt reduction in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and call into question the World Health Organization’s global recommendation to reduce salt intake to less than 5 g/day. However, Mente et al.’s re-analysis of the PURE data has several severe methodological problems, including erroneous estimations of salt intake from a single spot urine using the problematic Kawasaki formula. As such, these implausible results cannot be used to refute the strong evidence supporting the benefits of salt reduction for the general population worldwide.

scholarly journals Evaluation of salt content in school meals

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Alexandra Colaço Lourenço Viegas ◽  
Jorge Torgal ◽  
Pedro Graça ◽  
Maria do Rosário Oliveira Martins
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
School Meals ◽  
School Students ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies

OBJECTIVE: High blood pressure is a major rick factor for cardiovascular disease, and it is closely associated with salt intake. Schools are considered ideal environments to promote health and proper eating habits. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of salt in meals served in school canteens and consumers' perceptions about salt. METHODS: Meals, including all the components (bread, soup, and main dish) were retrieved from school canteens. Salt was quantified by a portable salt meter. For food perception we constructed a questionnaire that was administered to high school students. RESULTS: A total of 798 food samples were analysed. Bread had the highest salt content with a mean of 1.35 g/100 g (SD=0.12). Salt in soups ranged from 0.72 g/100 g to 0.80 g/100 g (p=0.05) and, in main courses, from 0.71 g/100 to 0.97 g/100g (p=0.05). The salt content of school meals is high with a mean value of 2.83 to 3.82 g of salt per meal. Moreover, a high percentage of students consider meals neither salty nor bland, which shows they are used to the intensity/amount of salt consumed. CONCLUSION: The salt content of school meals is high, ranging from 2 to 5 times more than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for children, clearly exceeding the needs for this population, which may pose a health risk. Healthy choices are only possible in environments where such choices are possible. Therefore, salt reduction strategies aimed at the food industry and catering services should be implemented, with children and young people targeted as a major priority.

scholarly journals Associations of eating and drinking habits with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the adult population: data from the ESSE-RF epidemiological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 2982
Author(s):  
N. S. Karamnova ◽  
A. I. Rytova ◽  
O. B. Shvabskaya ◽  
Yu. K. Makarova ◽  
S. A. Maksimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Drinking Habits

The presence of a disease, the prognosis of which can be improved by dietary modification, motivates a patient to change their eating habits.Aim. To study the associations of dietary patterns and alcohol consumption with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke in the adult population.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using data from representative samples of population from 13 Russian regions aged 2564 years (n=19520; men, 7329; women, 12191). The response rate was ~80%. Dietary characteristics were assessed by frequency method.Results. In the diet of people with CVDs, the daily intake of vegetables/ fruits increases by 84% in men and by 19% in women, while the use of animal fats in cooking decreases by 28% and 20%m respectively (p<0,0001). Women with CVDs reduce the consumption of processed meat and sweets by 16 and 19%, respectively (p<0,005). Persons with prior MI reduce the consumption of sweets in the diet: men by 38% and women by 30%. Men with prior MI have higher daily consumption of cereals by 31%, vegetables and fruits by 46%, low-fat dairy products — 2,4 times. In addition, they are more adherent to a healthy and cardioprotective diet by 3,65 and 1,75 times, respectively. Dietary changes in those with prior stroke were noted only in women in the form of a 29% decrease in excess salt intake (p=0,0075). In the diet of people with diabetes, there is decreased consumption of sweets and an increased intake of vegetables/fruits: by 77 and 69% in men and by 79 and 69% in women, respectively (p<0,0001). Men with diabetes are 3 times more likely to adhere to a healthy diet, and women — 2,3 times (p=0,0039 and p<0,0001, respectively).Conclusion. Patients with CVDs, MI, and diabetes have a healthier diet than healthy persons.

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