scholarly journals Nutrient Intake and Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Current and Recovered Anorexia Nervosa

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4400
Author(s):  
Olivia Patsalos ◽  
Bethan Dalton ◽  
Christia Kyprianou ◽  
Joseph Firth ◽  
Nitin Shivappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Meta Analyses

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by disrupted and restrictive eating patterns. Recent investigations and meta-analyses have found altered concentrations of inflammatory markers in people with current AN. We aimed to assess nutrient intake in participants with current or recovered AN, as compared to healthy individuals, and explore group differences in dietary inflammatory potential as a possible explanation for the observed alterations in inflammatory markers. We recruited participants with current AN (n = 51), those recovered from AN (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 49). We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), to calculate a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) score and collected blood samples to measure serum concentrations of inflammatory markers. In current AN participants, we found lower intake of cholesterol, compared to HCs, and lower consumption of zinc and protein, compared to HC and recovered AN participants. A one-way ANOVA revealed no significant group differences in DII score. Multivariable regression analyses showed that DII scores were significantly associated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations in our current AN sample. Our findings on nutrient intake are partially consistent with previous research. The lack of group differences in DII score, perhaps suggests that diet is not a key contributor to altered inflammatory marker concentrations in current and recovered AN. Future research would benefit from including larger samples and using multiple 24-h dietary recalls to assess dietary intake.

scholarly journals Common and disorder-specific upregulation of the inflammatory markers TRAIL and CCL20 in depression and schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Klaus ◽  
Karoline Guetter ◽  
Rebecca Schlegel ◽  
Tobias R. Spiller ◽  
Erich Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are severe mental disorders, which have been associated with alterations of the peripheral inflammatory network. However, studies for both disorders have not been fully consistent and have focused on few canonical markers with high relevance to the innate immune system, while the role of the adaptive immune system is studied less. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent inflammatory abnormalities are diagnosis-specific or transdiagnostic. The purpose of this study was to investigate 75 peripheral inflammatory markers including the acute phase protein high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with MDD (n = 37), SZ (n = 42) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 17), while considering possible confounders and correcting rigorously for multiple testing in group comparisons. We identified C–C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as the inflammatory markers with significant group differences after controlling for multiple comparisons and adjusting for BMI, sex and smoking as confounders. TRAIL was elevated in both MDD and SZ compared to HC. CCL20 was specifically increased in SZ compared to MDD and HC. There were no significant group differences in hsCRP after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, we observed no significant correlations among CCL20, TRAIL and CRP. TRAIL is a transdiagnostic marker for SZ and MDD, with both markers being independent from CRP and body mass index (BMI). CCL20 may be a novel and specific biomarker of schizophrenia, but an influence of antipsychotic medication cannot be excluded. Identifying novel markers in mental disease bears the potential for future research towards novel treatment strategies by modifying inflammation-related processes.

scholarly journals Adapting a neuroscience-informed intervention to alter reward mechanisms of anorexia nervosa: a novel direction for future research

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann F. Haynos ◽  
Lisa M. Anderson ◽  
Autumn J. Askew ◽  
Michelle G. Craske ◽  
Carol B. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Reward Responsivity ◽  
Eating Disorder Behaviors

AbstractAccumulating psychobiological data implicate reward disturbances in the persistence of anorexia nervosa (AN). Evidence suggests that individuals with AN demonstrate decision-making deficits similar to those with mood and anxiety disorders that cause them to under-respond to many conventionally rewarding experiences (e.g., eating, interacting socially). In contrast, unlike individuals with other psychiatric disorders, individuals with AN simultaneously over-respond to rewards associated with eating-disorder behaviors (e.g., restrictive eating, exercising). This pattern of reward processing likely perpetuates eating-disorder symptoms, as the rewards derived from eating-disorder behaviors provide temporary relief from the anhedonia associated with limited responsivity to other rewards. Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to target reward deficits that contribute to anhedonia in mood and anxiety disorders, including problems with reward anticipation, experiencing, and learning. PAT has been found to promote reward responsivity and clinical improvement in mood and anxiety disorders. This manuscript will: (1) present empirical evidence supporting the promise of PAT as an intervention for AN; (2) highlight nuances in the maintaining processes of AN that necessitate adaptations of PAT for this population; and (3) suggest future directions in research on PAT and other reward-based treatments that aim to enhance clinical outcomes for AN.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Articulation Skills in Children with Velocardiofacial Syndrome and Children with Cleft Palate or Velopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriane L. Baylis ◽  
Benjamin Munson ◽  
Karlind T. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Velocardiofacial Syndrome ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Factors Affecting

Objective: To examine the influence of speech perception, cognition, and implicit phonological learning on articulation skills of children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and children with cleft palate or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Design: Cross-sectional group experimental design. Participants: Eight children with VCFS and five children with nonsyndromic cleft palate or VPD. Methods and Measures: All children participated in a phonetic inventory task, speech perception task, implicit priming nonword repetition task, conversational sample, nonverbal intelligence test, and hearing screening. Speech tasks were scored for percentage of phonemes correctly produced. Group differences and relations among measures were examined using nonparametric statistics. Results: Children in the VCFS group demonstrated significantly poorer articulation skills and lower standard scores of nonverbal intelligence compared with the children with cleft palate or VPD. There were no significant group differences in speech perception skills. For the implicit priming task, both groups of children were more accurate in producing primed nonwords than unprimed nonwords. Nonverbal intelligence and severity of velopharyngeal inadequacy for speech were correlated with articulation skills. Conclusions: In this study, children with VCFS had poorer articulation skills compared with children with cleft palate or VPD. Articulation difficulties seen in the children with VCFS did not appear to be associated with speech perception skills or the ability to learn new phonological representations. Future research should continue to examine relationships between articulation, cognition, and velopharyngeal dysfunction in a larger sample of children with cleft palate and VCFS.

scholarly journals Medication in AN: A Multidisciplinary Overview of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Blanchet ◽  
Sébastien Guillaume ◽  
Flora Bat-Pitault ◽  
Marie-Emilie Carles ◽  
Julia Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Nutritional Complications

Drugs are widely prescribed for anorexia nervosa in the nutritional, somatic, and psychiatric fields. There is no systematic overview in the literature, which simultaneously covers all these types of medication. The main aims of this paper are (1) to offer clinicians an overview of the evidence-based data in the literature concerning the medication (psychotropic drugs and medication for somatic and nutritional complications) in the field of anorexia nervosa since the 1960s, (2) to draw practical conclusions for everyday practise and future research. Searches were performed on three online databases, namely MEDLINE, Epistemonikos and Web of Science. Papers published between September 2011 and January 2019 were considered. Evidence-based data were identified from meta-analyses, if there were none, from systematic reviews, and otherwise from trials (randomized or if not open-label studies). Evidence-based results are scarce. No psychotropic medication has proved efficacious in terms of weight gain, and there is only weak data suggesting it can alleviate certain psychiatric symptoms. Concerning nutritional and somatic conditions, while there is no specific, approved medication, it seems essential not to neglect the interest of innovative therapeutic strategies to treat multi-organic comorbidities. In the final section we discuss how to use these medications in the overall approach to the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa and Pregnancy: A Case Report

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
L.C. Castro ◽  
S. Moreira ◽  
A. Lopes ◽  
M. Branco
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact

Background:Several studies report that women with a history of eating disorders are at higher risk of pregnancy complications and major adverse perinatal outcomes.Aim:To report a case of anorexia nervosa during pregnancy, in order to underline the impact of eating disorders on pregnancy.Methods:Case study and review of the literature.Results:A 32 year old woman was hospitalized in an obstetric service of a general hospital for high risk pregnancy complications. She maintained a disturbed eating behaviour, with periods of restrictive eating and bulimic-purging episodes. She was underweight, did not reach the recommended weight gain during pregnancy and showed intrauterine growth restriction. The Psychiatry Liasion Unit was asked to follow the case during the obstetric hospitalization.Discussion:Pregnant women with eating disorders have higher risk of pregnancy and neonatal complications. Pregnancy is a privileged opportunity to maximize intervention in eating disorders, since women show higher levels of motivation for therapy. Some cases of anorexia nervosa may warrant special obstetric care to ensure adequate prenatal nutrition and fetal development. Since there are few studies on this topic and they report conflicting results, it is a relevant area for future research.

Breaching confidentiality to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Rahsan Sivis-Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
School Counsellors ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis study examined Turkish school counsellors’ (SCs) ratings of the importance of factors in deciding to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators (SAs). A sample of Turkish SCs (N = 252) were surveyed. Most and least important factors were determined. Group differences in terms of gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were investigated. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in group comparisons. ‘Protecting the student’ was rated as the most important factor, and ‘Gender of the student’ was the least important factor. Statistically significant group differences with respect to gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were identified. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
Allen E. Cornelius ◽  
Elizabeth M. Mullin ◽  
Britton W. Brewer ◽  
Erika D. Van Dyke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Self ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Outcome Differences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Control

A series of studies was conducted by Senay et al. in 2010 to replicate and extend research indicating that self-posed questions have performance benefits. Studies 1–3 compared the effects of the self-posed interrogative question (“Will I?”) to declarative (“I will”) and control self-talk, and found no significant group differences in motivation, perceived exertion, or performance. In Studies 4–5, interrogative, declarative, and control self-talk primes were compared, and no outcome differences were found. In Study 6, the effects of self-talk on motivation, perceived exertion, and physical performance were assessed. The self-talk groups performed better and were more motivated than the control group, but declarative and interrogative groups did not differ from each other. Finally, meta-analyses of the six studies indicated no significant differences among conditions. These results highlight the value of replication and suggest that factors other than grammatical form of self-posed questions may drive the demonstrated relationships between self-talk and performance.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Markers in Anorexia Nervosa: An Exploratory Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Dalton ◽  
Iain Campbell ◽  
Raymond Chung ◽  
Gerome Breen ◽  
Ulrike Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Clinically Significant

Inflammation has been suggested to play a pathophysiological role in anorexia nervosa (AN). In this exploratory cross-sectional study, we measured serum concentrations of 40 inflammatory markers (including cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in people with AN (n = 27) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 13). Many of these inflammatory markers had not been previously quantified in people with AN. Eating disorder (ED) and general psychopathology symptoms were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and body composition data were obtained. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 concentrations were significantly elevated and concentrations of BDNF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A were significantly lower in AN participants compared to HCs. Age, BMI, and percentage body fat mass were identified as potential confounding variables for several of these inflammatory markers. Of particular interest is that most of the quantified markers were unchanged in people with AN, despite them being severely underweight with evident body fat loss, and having clinically significant ED symptoms and severe depression and anxiety symptoms. Future research should examine the replicability of our findings and consider the effect of additional potential confounding variables, such as smoking and physical activity, on the relationship between AN and inflammation.

scholarly journals A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of an early phase, online, guided augmentation of outpatient care for adults with anorexia nervosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (15) ◽  
pp. 2610-2621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Cardi ◽  
Gaia Albano ◽  
Suman Ambwani ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
Ross D. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Outpatient Service ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Outpatient Services ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Treatment As Usual

AbstractBackgroundOutpatient interventions for adult anorexia nervosa typically have a modest impact on weight and eating disorder symptomatology. This study examined whether adding a brief online intervention focused on enhancing motivation to change and the development of a recovery identity (RecoveryMANTRA) would improve outcomes in adults with anorexia nervosa.MethodsParticipants with anorexia nervosa (n = 187) were recruited from 22 eating disorder outpatient services throughout the UK. They were randomised to receiving RecoveryMANTRA in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 99; experimental group) or TAU only (n = 88; control group). Outcomes were measured at end-of-intervention (6 weeks), 6 and 12 months.ResultsAdherence rates to RecoveryMANTRA were 83% for the online guidance sessions and 77% for the use of self-help materials (workbook and/or short video clips). Group differences in body mass index at 6 weeks (primary outcome) were not significant. Group differences in eating disorder symptoms, psychological wellbeing and work and social adjustment (at 6 weeks and at follow-up) were not significant, except for a trend-level greater reduction in anxiety at 6 weeks in the RecoveryMANTRA group (p = 0.06). However, the RecoveryMANTRA group had significantly higher levels of confidence in own ability to change (p = 0.02) and alliance with the therapist at the outpatient service (p = 0.005) compared to the control group at 6 weeks.ConclusionsAugmenting outpatient treatment for adult anorexia nervosa with a focus on recovery and motivation produced short-term reductions in anxiety and increased confidence to change and therapeutic alliance.

scholarly journals PYY Levels and Relationship to Appetite Across Different Presentations of Anorexia Nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A632-A632
Author(s):  
Maged Muhammed ◽  
Franziska Plessow ◽  
Kendra Rosamond Becker ◽  
Helen B Murray ◽  
Lauren Breithaupt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives: While the pathophysiology of eating disorders is not well understood, there is evidence that anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY) may play a role. We have shown that PYY levels are high in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and associated with subjective appetite. However, it is unclear whether this represents a general characteristic across AN presentations. Here we investigate PYY levels and their associations with subjective appetite in individuals with atypical (atypAN), binge/purge type (AN-BP), and restricting type (AN-R) AN compared to healthy controls (HC). We hypothesized that PYY levels would be high in all AN presentations compared to HC and associated with subjective appetite. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 106 females (26 atypAN, 11 AN-BP, 29 AN-R and 40 HC, age 10-22 yrs). Research diagnoses were conferred using the Eating Disorder Examination. Fasting blood was drawn for PYY and visual analog scales were administered to assess hunger and desire to eat one’s favorite food. We performed Wilcoxon test to determine between-group differences in clinical characteristics. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PYY levels and appetite within each group. Results: Mean age±SD of atypAN (18.3±3.3 yrs) and AN-BP (19.9±1.5 yrs) did not differ (ps≥0.11) while AN-R (19.5±2.4 yrs) were older (p=0.013) than HC (17.8±3.1 yrs). BMI was lower in atypAN (18.7±1.2 kg/m2), AN-BP (17.3±0.8 kg/m2), and AN-R (16.6±1.0 kg/m2) than in HC (21.3±2.0 kg/m2; ps<0.0001). Fasting PYY levels were higher in atypAN (107.4±40.8 pg/mL), AN-BP (118.4±56.8 pg/mL) and AN-R (124.1±48.5 pg/mL) than HC (83.2±31.7 pg/mL, ps≤0.045). Hunger and desire to eat one’s favorite food were lower in atypAN and AN-BP compared to HC (ps≤0.042). Between group differences in PYY and appetite remained significant after controlling for age (ps≤0.032). The relationship between PYY and hunger was negative in AN-BP (ρ= -0.71, p=0.012), positive in AN-R (ρ=0.40, p=0.035), and not significant in atyp AN (ρ=0.02, p=0.90). The relationship between PYY and desire to eat favorite food was negative in AN-BP at trend level (ρ=-0.56, p=0.071), positive in AN-R (ρ=0.52, p=0.005), and not significant in atypAN (ρ=0.09, p=0.65). Conclusions: Compared to HC, fasting PYY levels were higher and appetite lower in all AN presentations. Higher fasting PYY levels were associated with lower appetite in AN-BP and greater appetite in AN-R, while no relationship was found in atypAN. The absence of an association in atypAN, which includes females who do not meet low weight criteria for AN-R or AN-BP, may reflect opposing relationships in those who restrict vs. binge/purge. Future research is required to further understand the differences in relationships between PYY levels and subjective appetite across AN presentations.

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