scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic as Risk Factors for Excessive Weight Gain in Pediatrics: The Role of Changes in Nutrition Behavior. A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4255
Author(s):  
Hellas Cena ◽  
Lauren Fiechtner ◽  
Alessandra Vincenti ◽  
Vittoria Carlotta Magenes ◽  
Rachele De Giuseppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Family Nutrition

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, social isolation, semi-lockdown, and “stay at home” orders were imposed upon the population in the interest of infection control. This dramatically changes the daily routine of children and adolescents, with a large impact on lifestyle and wellbeing. Children with obesity have been shown to be at a higher risk of negative lifestyle changes and weight gain during lockdown. Obesity and COVID-19 negatively affect children and adolescents’ wellbeing, with adverse effects on psychophysical health, due in large part to food choices, snacking between meals, and comfort eating. Moreover, a markable decrease in physical activity levels and an increase in sedentary behavior is associated with weight gain, especially in children with excessive weight. In addition, obesity is the most common comorbidity in severe cases of COVID-19, suggesting that immune dysregulation, metabolic unbalance, inadequate nutritional status, and dysbiosis are key factors in the complex mechanistic and clinical interplay between obesity and COVID-19. This narrative review aims to describe the most up-to-date evidence on the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children and adolescents, focusing on the role of excessive weight and weight gain in pediatrics. The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us that nutrition education interventions, access to healthy food, as well as family nutrition counselling should be covered by pediatric services to prevent obesity, which worsens disease outcomes related to COVID-19 infection.

The role of antenatal education for the prevention of excessive weight gain during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Amadori ◽  
Carmela Melluzza ◽  
Alessia Motta ◽  
Alberto De Pedrini ◽  
Daniela Surico
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Antenatal Education ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Weight Gain During Pregnancy

scholarly journals Assessment and Management of Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Plevin ◽  
Nicholas Smith
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Antiepileptic Medication ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
Paediatric Epilepsy

Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with epilepsy are common comorbidities which place a significant burden on patients and families and complicate the clinical management of epilepsy. This paper presents a narrative review on the aetiology, phenomenology, assessment, and management of depression and anxiety among paediatric patients with epilepsy. The recognition of affective comorbidity in paediatric epilepsy is limited at present, and the contributory role of antiepileptic medication towards such comorbidity must be considered by clinicians.

scholarly journals Combatting Sedentary Behaviors by Delivering Remote Physical Exercise in Children and Adolescents with Obesity in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4459
Author(s):  
Matteo Vandoni ◽  
Roberto Codella ◽  
Roberto Pippi ◽  
Vittoria Carnevale Pellino ◽  
Nicola Lovecchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Reduced Time

The coexistence of childhood obesity (or its risk) and COVID-19 pandemic put children and adolescents in greater risk to develop respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In fact, the restrictions introduced to limit the spread of the virus had detrimental effects on various lifestyle components, especially in young population. This resulted in augmented levels of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors and a reduced time spent in play outdoors or sport practices. Contrariwise, the increased use of technology led clinicians, teachers, and trainers to maintain relations with obese children/adolescents so as to reduce sedentary behaviors and the associated health risks. This narrative review aims to describe the role of Telehealth and Tele-exercise as useful tools in the management of pediatric obesity during COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth and Tele-exercise were effective in promoting self-monitoring and behavioral changes, including adherence to exercise training programs in children and adolescents. Moreover, tele-exercise platforms such as applications or exergames allowed flexible scheduling, limiting the infection risks.

Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents with a Disability: Methodology and Effects of Age and Gender

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia E. Longmuir ◽  
Oded Bar-Or
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Physically Challenged

To date, very little published information has been available on the physical activity participation of disabled youth. A questionnaire, which was modified from the Canada Fitness Survey, was distributed by mail to physically disabled, sensory impaired, and chronically ill children and adolescents in Ontario, Canada. Nine hundred eighty-seven responses were collected from subjects 6 to 20 years of age, with a response rate of 58%. Twenty-nine percent of physically challenged youth were found to be sedentary, and 39% were active. Activity levels were significantly related to age (p < .01), with a marked decline in the second decade of life. Activity levels were not significantly influenced by gender, but the data suggest that girls have lower activity levels and a faster and earlier decline in activity than boys. Overall, the data collected provide baseline information on the role of physical activity in the lives of Ontario youth with physical disabilities, sensory impairments, and chronic illnesses.

scholarly journals Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Obesity and Hepatosteatosis in CD-1 Wild-Type Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael N. Sayej ◽  
Paul R. Knight III ◽  
Weidun Alan Guo ◽  
Barbara Mullan ◽  
Patricia J. Ohtake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Multiple Hit

AGEs are a heterogeneous group of molecules formed from the nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with free amino groups of proteins, lipids, and/or nucleic acids. AGEs have been shown to play a role in various conditions including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In this study, we hypothesized that AGEs play a role in the “multiple hit hypothesis” of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatosteatosis. We measured the effects of various mouse chows containing high or low AGE in the presence of high or low fat content on mouse weight and epididymal fat pads. We also measured the effects of these chows on the inflammatory response by measuring cytokine levels and myeloperoxidase activity levels on liver supernatants. We observed significant differences in weight gain and epididymal fat pad weights in the high AGE-high fat (HAGE-HF) versus the other groups. Leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were significantly higher in the HAGE-HF group. We conclude that a diet containing high AGEs in the presence of high fat induces weight gain and hepatosteatosis in CD-1 mice. This may represent a model to study the role of AGEs in the pathogenesis of hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis.

scholarly journals The Role of the PGC1αGly482Ser Polymorphism in Weight Gain due to Intensive Diabetes Therapy

PPAR Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir S. Deeb ◽  
John D. Brunzell
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Diabetes Therapy ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
History Of

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) involved intensive diabetes therapy of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for an average period of 6.5 years. A subset of these subjects gained excessive weight. We tested for association of polymorphisms in 8 candidate genes with the above trait. We found the Gly482Ser polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α(PGC1α) to be significantly associated with weight gain in males (P=.0045) but not in females. The Ser allele was associated with greater weight gain than the Gly allele (P=.005). Subjects with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were more common among those who gained excessive weight. We conclude that T2DM and the Gly482Ser polymorphism in PGC1αcontribute to the effect of intensive diabetes therapy on weight gain in males with T1DM.

Hypophysectomy and regulation of body weight in the genetically obese Zucker rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 982-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Powley ◽  
SA Morton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Zucker Rat ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Lesion ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Obese Zucker Rat

Genetically obese Zucker "fatty" rats (fa/fa) and nonobese siblings were weighed regularly from 7 to 150 days of age to determine the onset and time course of the excessive weight gain that characterized the fatty rat. At 150 days of age, male and female fatties and their lean littermates were sham operated or hypophysectomized to examine the role of the pituitary in the fatty obesity. The operated animals were then weighed until sacrifice at 220 days of age, when adrenal weights, gonadal weights, uterine weights, and the Lee Index were determined. Fatty rats were significantly heavier than their nonobese littermates even in the 2nd wk of life (day 7-13). Complete hypophysectomy blocked the continued development of the fatty obesity but did not eliminate the adiposity established prior to hypophysectomy. It is concluded that the pituitary and the major endocrine pathways it controls are not the locus of the primary genetic lesion responsible for maintaining the Zucker fatty rat obesity.

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