scholarly journals Microbiota in Health and Disease—Potential Clinical Applications

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3866
Author(s):  
Matthias Laudes ◽  
Corinna Geisler ◽  
Nathalie Rohmann ◽  
Jildau Bouwman ◽  
Tobias Pischon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Within the last two decades tremendous efforts in biomedicine have been undertaken to understand the interplay of commensal bacteria living in and on our human body with our own human physiology. It became clear that (1) a high diversity especially of the microbial communities in the gut are important to preserve health and that (2) certain bacteria via nutrition-microbe-host metabolic axes are beneficially affecting various functions of the host, including metabolic control, energy balance and immune function. While a large set of evidence indicate a special role for small chain fatty acids (SCFA) in that context, recently also metabolites of amino acids (e.g., tryptophan and arginine) moved into scientific attention. Of interest, microbiome alterations are not only important in nutrition associated diseases like obesity and diabetes, but also in many chronic inflammatory, oncological and neurological abnormalities. From a clinician’s point of view, it should be mentioned, that the microbiome is not only interesting to develop novel therapies, but also as a modifiable factor to improve efficiency of modern pharmaceutics, e.g., immune-therapeutics in oncology. However, so far, most data rely on animal experiments or human association studies, whereas controlled clinical intervention studies are spare. Hence, the translation of the knowledge of the last decades into clinical routine will be the challenge of microbiome based biomedical research for the next years. This review aims to provide examples for future clinical applications in various entities and to suggest bacterial species and/or microbial effector molecules as potential targets for intervention studies.

Specimen Preparation for Clinical Applications of X-Ray Microanalysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
J.D. Shelburne ◽  
G.M. Roomans
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Sweat Test ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gallbladder Stones ◽  
Clinical Problems

Proper preparative procedures are a prerequisite for the validity of the results of x-ray microanalysis of biological tissue. Clinical applications of x-ray microanalysis are often concerned with diagnostic problems and the results may have profound practical significance for the patient. From this point of view it is especially important that specimen preparation for clinical applications is carried out correctly.Some clinical problems require very little tissue preparation. Hair, nails, and kidney and gallbladder stones may be examined and analyzed after carbon coating. High levels of zinc or copper in hair may be indicative of dermatological or systemic diseases. Nail clippings may be analyzed (as an alternative to the more conventional sweat test) to confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. X-ray microanalysis in combination with scanning electron microscopy has been shown to be the most reliable method for the identification of the components of kidney or gallbladder stones.A quantitatively very important clinical application of x-ray microanalysis is the identification and quantification of asbestos and other exogenous particles in lung.

Basic Problems of Logic in Drug Investigations

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
H. Röpke
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Applied Logic ◽  
Clinical Investigations

The basic problems of the theory of cognition when extrapolating the results of animal experiments to man and the limitations of inferences from clinical investigations of drugs are discussed from the point of view of applied logic.

Gemeinsprachliche Ressourcen beim Wissens- und Wissenschaftstransfer - die Rolle der Deixis bei der propositionalen Komposition in universitären Vorlesungen in den Fächern Physik und Maschinenbau

Fachsprache ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 104-122
Author(s):  
Winfried Thielmann
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Academic Language ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Academic Teaching

Abstract Languages for special purposes have mainly been considered from the point of view that they are specialized, i.e. that they satisfy the terminological needs of expression of specialized groups. The purpose of this contribution is to demonstrate that specialized discourses such as university lectures may make specific use of ordinary language devices. An analysis of sections from German lectures in physics and mechanical engineering reveals that deictics play a special role in propositional  composition. The findings are relevant for the general principles of linguistic science and knowledge transfer as well as for teaching German as a first or second academic language. Schlagwörter: Sprache wissenschaftlicher Lehre – Deixis – Physik – Maschinenbau – propositionale Komposition Key words: Language of academic teaching – deictics – physics – mechanical engineering – propositional composition

Designed Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins and Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules: A Personal Account

Synlett ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Biological Target ◽  
Designed Synthesis ◽  
Mixed Mechanism

Hydantoin and its analogs such as thiohydantoin and iminohydantoin have received substantial attention both from a chemical and biological point of view. Several compounds of this class have shown useful pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiarrhythmic, herbicidal, and others that lead in some cases to clinical applications. Because of broad-spectrum activities, intensive research efforts have been dedicated in industry and academia to the synthesis and structural modifications of hydantoin and its derivatives. Realizing the importance of hydantoin in organic and medicinal chemistry, we also initiated a research program to successfully design and develop the new routes/methods resulting in the formation of hydantoin, thiohydantoin, and iminohydantoin substituted at different positions particularly at the N-1 position without following protection-deprotection strategy. Given the fact that the combination of two or more pharmacophoric groups may lead to hybrid molecules which result in a mixed mechanism of action on the biological target. We, therefore, further extended the developed strategy for the synthesis of new types of hydantoin-based hybrid molecules by combining hydantoin with a triazole, isoxazoline, and phosphate scaffolds as another pharmacophoric group to exploit diverse biological functions.

scholarly journals Tandem Repeats in Bacillus: Unique Features and Taxonomic Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5373
Author(s):  
Juan A. Subirana ◽  
Xavier Messeguer
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Variable Sequence ◽  
Repeat Size ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Dna Tandem Repeats

Little is known about DNA tandem repeats across prokaryotes. We have recently described an enigmatic group of tandem repeats in bacterial genomes with a constant repeat size but variable sequence. These findings strongly suggest that tandem repeat size in some bacteria is under strong selective constraints. Here, we extend these studies and describe tandem repeats in a large set of Bacillus. Some species have very few repeats, while other species have a large number. Most tandem repeats have repeats with a constant size (either 52 or 20–21 nt), but a variable sequence. We characterize in detail these intriguing tandem repeats. Individual species have several families of tandem repeats with the same repeat length and different sequence. This result is in strong contrast with eukaryotes, where tandem repeats of many sizes are found in any species. We discuss the possibility that they are transcribed as small RNA molecules. They may also be involved in the stabilization of the nucleoid through interaction with proteins. We also show that the distribution of tandem repeats in different species has a taxonomic significance. The data we present for all tandem repeats and their families in these bacterial species will be useful for further genomic studies.

Stroke Genetics: Turning Discoveries into Clinical Applications

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dichgans ◽  
Nathalie Beaufort ◽  
Stephanie Debette ◽  
Christopher D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Rapid Pace

The field of medical and population genetics in stroke is moving at a rapid pace and has led to unanticipated opportunities for discovery and clinical applications. Genome-wide association studies have highlighted the role of specific pathways relevant to etiologically defined subtypes of stroke and to stroke as a whole. They have further offered starting points for the exploration of novel pathways and pharmacological strategies in experimental systems. Mendelian randomization studies continue to provide insights in the causal relationships between exposures and outcomes and have become a useful tool for predicting the efficacy and side effects of drugs. Additional applications that have emerged from recent discoveries include risk prediction based on polygenic risk scores and pharmacogenomics. Among the topics currently moving into focus is the genetics of stroke outcome. While still at its infancy, this field is expected to boost the development of neuroprotective agents. We provide a brief overview on recent progress in these areas.

A Ciência na Educação Segundo John Dewey

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Pedro Galvão ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
John Dewey ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Educational Value

Education plays a very special role in Dewey’s System of thought. And according to Dewey, science, being knowledge at its best, has an unsurpassable educational value which every genuine democracy must take seriously. Here I try to show how and why Dewey developed this point of view. I start by considering how, in Dewey’s System, education is seen as a form of experience deeply significant to philosophy. Then I try to stress the most inte resting points concerning Dewey’s view of education as a social process. This leds me to explain why Dewey thought that the best kind of education should occur in a democratic environment and what does he mean by that. At this point it becomes possible (I hope) to effectively understand where Dewey saw the educational value of scientific knowledge and how, according to him, should that value be promoted. Since the superiority of scientific knowledge lies in its method, Dewey argued, science becomes deprived of all its educational value whenever is taught, as ususal, as a mere ready-made subject-matter.

scholarly journals Alveolus Lung-on-a-Chip Platform: A Proposal

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Noelia Campillo ◽  
Vinicius Rosa Oliveira ◽  
Renata Kelly da Palma
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Causes Of Deaths

Respiratory diseases are top-ranked causes of deaths and disabilities around the world, making new approaches to the treatment necessary. In recent years, lung-on-a-chip platforms have emerged as a potential candidate to replace animal experiments because they can successfully simulate human physiology. In this review, we discuss the main respiratory diseases and their pathophysiology, how to model a lung microenvironment, and how to translate it to clinical applications. Furthermore, we propose a novel alveolus lung-on-a-chip platform, based on all currently available methodologies. This review provides solutions and new ideas to improve the alveolar lung-on-a-chip platform. Finally, we provided evidence that approaches such as 3D printing, organ-a-chip devices and organoids can be used in combination, and some challenges could be overcome.

scholarly journals Von Expeditionsberichten zum Führer — die Anfänge der Ratgeber für Riesengebirgereisende an der Jahrhundertwende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The North ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Border Dispute ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nature Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
Travel Accounts

From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.

scholarly journals Leveraging polygenic enrichments of gene features to predict genes underlying complex traits and diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elle M Weeks ◽  
Jacob C Ulirsch ◽  
Nathan Y Cheng ◽  
Brian L Trippe ◽  
Rebecca S Fine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Gene Prioritization ◽  
Protein Interaction Data ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Causal Genes ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a valuable tool for understanding the biology of complex traits, but the associations found rarely point directly to causal genes. Here, we introduce a new method to identify the causal genes by integrating GWAS summary statistics with gene expression, biological pathway, and predicted protein-protein interaction data. We further propose an approach that effectively leverages both polygenic and locus-specific genetic signals by combining results across multiple gene prioritization methods, increasing confidence in prioritized genes. Using a large set of gold standard genes to evaluate our approach, we prioritize 8,402 unique gene-trait pairs with greater than 75% estimated precision across 113 complex traits and diseases, including known genes such as SORT1 for LDL cholesterol, SMIM1 for red blood cell count, and DRD2 for schizophrenia, as well as novel genes such as TTC39B for cholelithiasis. Our results demonstrate that a polygenic approach is a powerful tool for gene prioritization and, in combination with locus-specific signal, improves upon existing methods.

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