scholarly journals Molecular Immune-Inflammatory Connections between Dietary Fats and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Which Translation into Clinics?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3768
Author(s):  
Elisa Mattavelli ◽  
Alberico Luigi Catapano ◽  
Andrea Baragetti
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Current guidelines recommend reducing the daily intake of dietary fats for the prevention of ischemic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Avoiding saturated fats while increasing the intake of mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids has been for long time the cornerstone of dietary approaches in cardiovascular prevention, mainly due to the metabolic effects of these molecules. However, recently, this approach has been critically revised. The experimental evidence, in fact, supports the concept that the pro- or anti-inflammatory potential of different dietary fats contributes to atherogenic or anti-atherogenic cellular and molecular processes beyond (or in addition to) their metabolic effects. All these aspects are hardly translatable into clinics when trying to find connections between the pro-/anti-inflammatory potential of dietary lipids and their effects on CVD outcomes. Interventional trials, although providing stronger potential for causal inference, are typically small sample-sized, and they have short follow-up, noncompliance, and high attrition rates. Besides, observational studies are confounded by a number of variables and the quantification of dietary intakes is far from optimal. A better understanding of the anatomic and physiological barriers for the absorption and the players involved in the metabolism of dietary lipids (e.g., gut microbiota) might be an alternative strategy in the attempt to provide a first step towards a personalized dietary approach in CVD prevention.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Outcomes of Dapagliflozin Versus Placebo in a Primary Cardiovascular Prevention Cohort: Analyses From DECLARE-TIMI 58

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avivit Cahn ◽  
Itamar Raz ◽  
Lawrence A. Leiter ◽  
Ofri Mosenzon ◽  
Sabina A. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Treatment Interaction

<b>Aims: </b>International guidelines propose prescribing SGLT-2 inhibitors to patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) as secondary prevention in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with multiple risk factors (MRF) for ASCVD. The current analyses expand on the cardiovascular renal and metabolic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors in MRF patients. <p><b>Methods: </b>The DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial randomized 17,160 patients with T2D and MRF (59.4%) or established ASCVD (40.6%) to dapagliflozin vs. placebo, followed for a median 4.2 years. The cardiovascular and renal outcomes in the MRF cohort were studied across clinically relevant subgroups for treatment effect and subgroup-based treatment interaction. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> Among patients with MRF, the reduction with dapagliflozin in risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (CVD/HHF; HR 0.84, 95%CI 0.67-1.04) and the renal-specific outcome (HR 0.51, 95%CI 0.37-0.69) did not differ from patients with ASCVD (P<sub>interaction</sub> 0.99 and 0.72 respectively). The effect on CVD/HHF was entirely driven by a reduction in HHF (HR 0.64, 95%CI 0.46-0.88). The benefits of dapagliflozin on HHF and on the renal-specific outcome, among the subset with MRF, were directionally consistent across clinically relevant subgroups. At 48 months, HbA1c, weight, systolic blood-pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were lower with dapagliflozin vs. placebo and eGFR was higher (p<0.001). </p> <p><b>Conclusion: </b>In patients with T2D and MRF, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of HHF and adverse renal outcomes regardless of baseline characteristics. These analyses support the benefit of dapagliflozin on important outcomes in a broad primary prevention population.</p>

scholarly journals Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Outcomes of Dapagliflozin Versus Placebo in a Primary Cardiovascular Prevention Cohort: Analyses From DECLARE-TIMI 58

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avivit Cahn ◽  
Itamar Raz ◽  
Lawrence A. Leiter ◽  
Ofri Mosenzon ◽  
Sabina A. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Treatment Interaction

<b>Aims: </b>International guidelines propose prescribing SGLT-2 inhibitors to patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) as secondary prevention in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with multiple risk factors (MRF) for ASCVD. The current analyses expand on the cardiovascular renal and metabolic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors in MRF patients. <p><b>Methods: </b>The DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial randomized 17,160 patients with T2D and MRF (59.4%) or established ASCVD (40.6%) to dapagliflozin vs. placebo, followed for a median 4.2 years. The cardiovascular and renal outcomes in the MRF cohort were studied across clinically relevant subgroups for treatment effect and subgroup-based treatment interaction. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> Among patients with MRF, the reduction with dapagliflozin in risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (CVD/HHF; HR 0.84, 95%CI 0.67-1.04) and the renal-specific outcome (HR 0.51, 95%CI 0.37-0.69) did not differ from patients with ASCVD (P<sub>interaction</sub> 0.99 and 0.72 respectively). The effect on CVD/HHF was entirely driven by a reduction in HHF (HR 0.64, 95%CI 0.46-0.88). The benefits of dapagliflozin on HHF and on the renal-specific outcome, among the subset with MRF, were directionally consistent across clinically relevant subgroups. At 48 months, HbA1c, weight, systolic blood-pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were lower with dapagliflozin vs. placebo and eGFR was higher (p<0.001). </p> <p><b>Conclusion: </b>In patients with T2D and MRF, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of HHF and adverse renal outcomes regardless of baseline characteristics. These analyses support the benefit of dapagliflozin on important outcomes in a broad primary prevention population.</p>

scholarly journals Considerations for determining ‘optimal nutrition’ for copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Failla
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cu And Zn

Defining optimal dietary intakes of Cu and Zn throughout the life cycle continues to present a considerable challenge for nutrition scientists. Although the daily intake of these micronutrients is below that currently recommended for many groups, traditional biochemical indicators of nutritional status for these trace metals largely remain within the normal range. Thus, it is unclear whether the recommended daily intakes may be unnecessarily high, or if the commonly-used markers simply lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity that are required for accurately assessing Cu and Zn status. The increasing number of reports that daily supplements with these trace metals enhance the activities of selective metalloenzymes and specific cellular and organ processes further points out the need to differentiate between meeting the requirement and providing optimal nutriture. Results from recent studies suggesting that alternative molecular and functional markers possess sufficient sensitivity to better assess Cu and Zn status are discussed. Likewise, recent studies evaluating the impact of very low and excessive levels of dietary Mn and Mo on selective biochemical and metabolic indicators are reviewed.

scholarly journals Selenium Supplementation and Prostate Health in a New Zealand Cohort

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishi Karunasinghe ◽  
Lance Ng ◽  
Alice Wang ◽  
Venkatesh Vaidyanathan ◽  
Shuotun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Prostate Health

Background: There is variable reporting on the benefits of a 200 μg/d selenium supplementation towards reducing prostate cancer impacts. The current analysis is to understand whether stratified groups receive supplementation benefits on prostate health. Methods: 572 men were supplemented with 200 µg/d selenium as selinized yeast for six months, and 481 completed the protocol. Selenium and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured in serum at pre- and post-supplementation. Changes in selenium and PSA levels subsequent to supplementation were assessed with and without demographic, lifestyle, genetic and dietary stratifications. Results: The post-supplementation selenium (p = 0.002) and the gain in selenium (p < 0.0001) by supplementation were significantly dependent on the baseline selenium level. Overall, there was no significant correlation between changes in PSA and changes in selenium levels by supplementation. However, stratified analyses showed a significant inverse correlation between changes in PSA and changes in selenium in men below the median age (p = 0.048), never-smokers (p = 0.031), men carrying the GPX1 rs1050450 T allele (CT, p = 0.022 and TT, p = 0.011), dietary intakes above the recommended daily intake (RDI) for zinc (p < 0.05), and below the RDI for vitamin B12 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current analysis shows the influence of life factors on prostate health benefits of supplemental selenium.

scholarly journals Heart Histopathology and Mitochondrial Ultrastructure in Aged Rats Fed for 24 Months on Different Unsaturated Fats (Virgin Olive Oil, Sunflower Oil or Fish Oil) and Affected by Different Longevity

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navarro-Hortal ◽  
Ramírez-Tortosa ◽  
Varela-López ◽  
Romero-Márquez ◽  
Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Oil Sunflower

Diet plays a decisive role in heart physiology, with lipids having especial importance in pathology prevention and development. This study aimed to investigate how dietary lipids varying in lipid profile (virgin olive oil, sunflower oil or fish oil) affected the heart of rats during aging. Heart histopathology, mitochondrial morphometry, and oxidative status were assessed. Typical histopathological features associated with aging, such as valvular lesions, endomyocardical hyperplasia, or papillary muscle calcification, were found at a low extent in all the experimental groups. The most relevant finding was that inflammation registered by fish oil group was lower compared to the other treatments. At the ultrastructural level, heart mitochondrial area, perimeter, and aspect ratio were higher in fish oil-fed rats than in those fed on sunflower oil. Concerning oxidative stress markers, there were differences only in coenzyme Q levels and catalase activity, lower in sunflower oil-fed animals compared with those fed on fish oil. In summary, dietary intake for a long period on dietary fats with different fatty acids profile led to differences in some aspects associated with the aging process at the heart. Fish oil seems to be the fat most protective of heart during aging.

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