scholarly journals Total Fat and Fatty Acid Intake among 1–7-Year-Old Children from 33 Countries: Comparison with International Recommendations

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3547
Author(s):  
Cathriona Monnard ◽  
Mathilde Fleith
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Linoleic Acid Intake ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
First Time

This work reviews available data on dietary intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in children in different countries worldwide and for the first time, compares them with recent international recommendations. Studies published before June 2021 reporting total fat, total SFA and individual PUFA intakes in children aged 1–7 y were included. Observed intakes were evaluated against FAO/WHO and EFSA recommendations. 65 studies from 33 countries were included. Fat intake was too low in 88% of studies in young children (1–3 y). SFA intake was >10%E in 69–73% of children, especially in Europe. Linoleic acid intake was <3%E in 24% of studies in 1–2 y olds and within FAO/WHO recommendations among all other ages. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was <0.5%E in almost half of studies. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA intakes were below recommendations in most studies. In summary, while total fat intake was too low among younger children, SFA intake was above, especially in Europe and n-3 PUFA intake, especially DHA, were below recommendations for all ages. Intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, is generally suboptimal. More data, particularly from developing countries, are required to refine these findings and guide implementation of adapted nutrition policies.

scholarly journals Total and Subtypes of Dietary Fat Intake and Its Association with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Julibert ◽  
Maria Bibiloni ◽  
Cristina Bouzas ◽  
Miguel Martínez-González ◽  
Jordi Salas-Salvadó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Total Fat

Background: The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk. Objective: To assess the association between fat intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk. Design: Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6560, men and women, 55–75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial. Methods: Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI). Results: Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3–1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake. Conclusions: Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia.

Animal fats and human health

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 214-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Total Fat

In 1991 it was recommended that total fat intake in the UK should be reduced to a population average of less that 33% of total daily energy intake and that saturated fatty acids should contribute no more than 10% of total energy (Department of Health, 1991). A further recommendation was that the intake of trans fatty acids should not exceed 2% of total energy. These recommendations were made primarily on the basis of the influence of fatty acids on plasma cholesterol and thereby on the development of cardiovascular disease. While associations of fat intake with other chronic diseases such as cancer, obesity and diabetes have also been suggested, it was felt that there was insufficient evidence to make specific recommendations on the basis of such claims. A reduction in saturated fat intake has remained a central target of public health nutrition within the United Kingdom ever since. Despite concerted efforts, particularly throughout the 1990s., to achieve these targets little progress has been made. In 2000, total fat intake remained at 38% and saturated fatty acid intake at 15% (DEFRA, 2001).

scholarly journals UK Food Standards Agencycis-monounsaturated fatty acid workshop report

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sanderson ◽  
Jason M. R. Gill ◽  
Chris J. Packard ◽  
Thomas A. B. Sanders ◽  
Bengt Vessby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Total Fat

The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating the optimal dietary intake forn-9cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The aim was to review the mechanisms underlying the reported beneficial effects of MUFA on CHD risk, and to establish priorities for future research. The issue of optimal MUFA intake is contingent upon optimal total fat intake; however, there is no consensus of opinion on what the optimal total fat intake should be. Thus, it was recommended that a large multi-centre study should look at the effects on CHD risk of MUFA replacement of saturated fatty acids in relation to varying total fat intakes; this study should be of sufficient size to take account of genetic variation, sex, physical activity and stage of life factors, as well as being of sufficient duration to account for adaptation to diets. Recommendations for studies investigating the mechanistic effects of MUFA were also made. Methods of manipulating the food chain to increase MUFA at the expense of saturated fatty acids were also discussed.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Wolfram ◽  
Angela Bechthold ◽  
Heiner Boeing ◽  
Sabine Ellinger ◽  
Hans Hauner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Intake ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Long Chain

As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.

scholarly journals Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3073 ◽  
Author(s):  
SuJin Song ◽  
Jae Eun Shim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Korean Adolescents ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Over Time

We analyzed the trends in dietary intake of total fat and fatty acids among Korean adolescents during 2007–2017. A total of 6406 adolescents from the 2007–2017 Korea National Health and Examination Surveys were selected. Total fat and fatty acids intakes were calculated based on single 24-hour recall data and presented as grams (g) and percentage of energy intake (% kcal) across the survey period. Linear trends in intake across the survey period were compared using the multiple regression model. Total fat intake increased during the 11-year period from 54.3 g (21.7% kcal) to 61.8 g (25.2% kcal). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) intakes changed from 17.8 g (7.1% kcal) and 17.2 g (6.8% kcal) to 20.6 g (8.4% kcal) and 20.7 g (8.4% kcal) over time, respectively. For polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid intake did not change during the survey period. The proportions of individuals who had total fat and SFA above the recommendations increased across the survey period: 13.7% to 27.5% for total fat and 36.0% to 49.7% for SFA. Among Korean adolescents, dietary fat intake increased over time and the increases in SFA and MUFA intake were prominent. Monitoring dietary fat intake is helpful to suggest dietary guidelines and health policies.

scholarly journals Strategies for altering population intakes of fats and fatty acids

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk

Quantitative dietary guidelines for fats were first issued in 1977 in the USA and these guidelines have changed little since then. In the UK only 14 % of the population achieve the dietary goal for fat (33 % energy) and only 3 % achieve the target (10 % energy) from saturated fatty acids. Analysis of the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults reveals that across quartiles of decreasing total fat intake, the actual fatty acid composition of this fat does not alter; i.e. when total fat is lowered, all fatty acid categories are equally lowered. This arises because 85 % of total fat and of each of the categories of fatty acids are provided by just five foods (milk, meat, cereals, spreads and vegetables). When total fat in the UK is lowered, the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is lowered. The problem is that if the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids falls below a threshold of about 5 % energy, the cholesterol-raising properties of certain saturated fatty acids, e.g. myristic acid, are greatly augmented. In order to alter the balance of dietary fatty acids, more data are needed on food choices of those in the population achieving particular targets. These targets cannot be based on existing dietary goals, since so few people attain them. A new set of‘interim attainable dietary guidelines’, based on prevailing dietary intakes, must be the basis for establishing sensible food-based dietary guidelines.

Evaluación del consumo de grasas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que asisten a un centro asistencial de la ciudad de Rosario

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Lingiardi ◽  
◽  
Yaela Dalessando ◽  
Florencia Lo Piccolo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Intake ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Total Fat

Introduction: the evidence showed that fats have a role in diabetes development. Even though fat ideal amount in this pathology`s treatments controversial; it is known that fat quality is more important that fat quantity. Objectives: to assay the fat intake in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients who attended in a health care center in Rosario. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample included 88 male and female adults, with T2D aged 45.55±12.33. The total energy, total fat, satured, unsatured fatty acids and cholesterol intakes were estimated through three 24-hour food recall instruments and then were compared with recommended values. Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software 4.0.2 version. Results: mean total energy intake was 1851 kcal. Mean total fat intake was 43.30%, satured fatty acid intake 13.44%, monounsatured 14.10%, polyunsatured 12.86% and choresterol 388.55 mg. Total fat, satured and monounsatured fatty acids and cholesterol intakes were significantly higher in men (p=0.008, p=0.004, p=0.023, p=0.027; respectively). The 78.41% exceeded total fat intake. Satured fatty acid intake was inadequate in 99% of participants. The 92% had a monounsatured intake adequate to recommendations. Polyunsatured fatty acid showed an inadequate intake in 68% of patients. Cholesterol intake was inadequate in 83% of participants. There were not found significant differences in adherence to recommendations between sex. Conclusions: more than a half of T2D patients show and excessive total fat intake with inadequate intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Only monounsaturated fat intake was adequate to recommendations.

Manipulation of milk fat composition to meet market needs

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
J Verner Wheelock ◽  
Philip C Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Market Needs

There is growing interest in healthy eating. Current trends are being reinforced by the supermarket chains, which now regard the trends towards healthy eating as a permanent shift in consumer attitudes to food rather than a passing fad.The 1984 COMA report on “Diet and Cardiovascular Disease” recommended a 25% reduction In the consumption of saturated fats. It was suggested that this change could be made by reducing total fat intake but would be facilitated by an accompanying shift in the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio (P:S). For the average British diet with a P:S ratio of 0.23, fat Intake would need to be reduced by 25% but with a move to the recommended ratio of 0.45 the required reduction would he 17%. Milk fat is particularly implicated in these recommendations since it is moderately high In saturated fatty acids and very low in polyunsaturated fatty acids; the P:S ratio is approximately 0.03.

scholarly journals Prepubertal Dietary and Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids Related to Puberty Timing: Longitudinal Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1868
Author(s):  
Tuck Seng Cheng ◽  
Felix R. Day ◽  
John R. B. Perry ◽  
Jian’an Luan ◽  
Claudia Langenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Phospholipid ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. We examined longitudinal associations of prepubertal dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs with several puberty timing traits in boys and girls. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, prepubertal fat intakes at 3–7.5 years and plasma phospholipid FAs at 7.5 years were measured. Timings of Tanner stage 2 genital or breast development and voice breaking or menarche from repeated reports at 8–17 years, and age at peak height velocity (PHV) from repeated height measurements at 5–20 years were estimated. In linear regression models with adjustment for maternal and infant characteristics, dietary substitution of polyunsaturated FAs for saturated FAs, and higher concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) were associated with earlier timing of puberty traits in girls (n = 3872) but not boys (n = 3654). In Mendelian Randomization models, higher genetically predicted circulating dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was associated with earlier menarche in girls. Based on repeated dietary intake data, objectively measured FAs and genetic causal inference, these findings suggest that dietary and endogenous metabolic pathways that increase plasma dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs, may promote earlier puberty timing in girls.

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