scholarly journals Ramadan Fasting during Pregnancy and Health Outcomes in Offspring: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3450
Author(s):  
Violet N. L. Oosterwijk ◽  
Joyce M. Molenaar ◽  
Lily A. van Bilsen ◽  
Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Negative Effect

Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam, during which fasting is obligatory for all healthy individuals. Although pregnant women are exempt from this Islamic law, the majority nevertheless choose to fast. This review aims to identify the effects of Ramadan fasting on the offspring of Muslim mothers, particularly on fetal growth, birth indices, cognitive effects and long-term effects. A systematic literature search was conducted until March 2020 in Web of Science, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Google Scholar. Studies were evaluated based on a pre-defined quality score ranging from 0 (low quality) to 10 (high quality), and 43 articles were included. The study quality ranged from 2 to 9 with a mean quality score of 5.4. Only 3 studies had a high quality score (>7), of which one found a lower birth weight among fasting women. Few medium quality studies found a significant negative effect on fetal growth or birth indices. The quality of articles that investigated cognitive and long-term effects was poor. The association between Ramadan fasting and health outcomes of offspring is not supported by strong evidence. To further elucidate the effects of Ramadan fasting, larger prospective and retrospective studies with novel designs are needed.

The persistent effect of banking crises on investment and the role of financial markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Rioja ◽  
Fernando Rios-Avila ◽  
Neven Valev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Banking Crisis ◽  
Banking Crises ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect

Purpose – While the literature studying the effect of banking crises on real output growth rates has found short-lived effects, recent work has focused on the level effects showing that banking crises can reduce output below its trend for several years. This paper aims to investigate the effect of banking crises on investment finding a prolonged negative effect. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test to see whether investment declines after a banking crisis and, if it does, for how long and by how much. The paper uses data for 148 countries from 1963 to 2007. Econometrically, the authors test how banking crises episodes affect investment in future years after controlling for other potential determinants. Findings – The authors find that the investment to GDP ratio is on average about 1.7 percent lower for about eight years following a banking crisis. These results are robust after controlling for credit availability, institutional characteristics, and a host of other factors. Furthermore, the authors find that the size and duration of this adverse effect on investment varies according to the level of financial development of a country. The largest and longer-lasting decrease in investment is found in countries in a middle region of financial development, where finance plays its most important role according to theory. Originality/value – The authors contribute by finding that banking crisis can have long-term effects on investment of up to nine years. Further, the authors contribute by finding that the level of development of the country's financial markets affects the duration of this decrease in investment.

Change in the rocky reef fish fauna of the iconic Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve in north-eastern New Zealand over 4 decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1496
Author(s):  
David R. Schiel ◽  
Tony Ayling ◽  
Michael J. Kingsford ◽  
Christopher N. Battershill ◽  
J. Howard Choat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Rocky Reef ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Reef Fish Species

Marine reserves exhibit increases in targeted fish species, but long-term effects on biodiversity are poorly understood. Factors other than reserve status may affect decadal changes, including environmental change. We examined the fish fauna at the iconic Poor Knights Islands over 4 decades (1974–2016) before and after implementation of a no-take marine reserve in 1998. We document a substantial increase in commercially and recreationally targeted Chrysophrys auratus, which was virtually absent before 1994 but by 2016 had reached up to 11 fish per 500m2 (220 per hectare). There were also large changes to the fish community, including the decline of subtropical and coastal wrasses, some species with no change and others that increased significantly. Many declines occurred >20 years before the arrival of abundant C. auratus, suggesting the changes do not represent a trophic cascade. Furthermore, this normally benthic-feeding fish has adopted a mid-water foraging behaviour targeting planktivorous fish. The increase in C. auratus appears to be linked both to reserve status and catch regulations in the wider region. Overall, the data point to long-term environmental fluctuations from the late 1970s having a negative effect on the abundance of more than half the reef fish species at these islands.

Child Care Policy as an Anti-Poverty Strategy: The Need to Address Neurophysiological Self-Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 237273222110315
Author(s):  
Steven J. Holochwost ◽  
Lindsay A. Gomes ◽  
Cathi B. Propper ◽  
Eleanor D. Brown ◽  
Iheoma U. Iruka
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Early Care And Education ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Care ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Children In Poverty ◽  
Education Environment ◽  
Short And Long Term

High-quality early care and education can mitigate the short- and long-term effects of poverty on young children’s development. Therefore, policies that expand access to high-quality early care and education can be an effective anti-poverty strategy. A number of programs demonstrably foster volitional processes of self-regulation—the capacity to control emotions, thoughts, and behaviors—among young children in poverty. However, relatively little is known about how the activity of the neurophysiological systems that form the interface between brain and body supports these processes of self-regulation in early care and education settings. Maximizing the efficacy of early care and education as an anti-poverty strategy requires adopting policies to advance three interrelated goals: understanding, accommodating, and reconfiguring young children’s neurophysiological function in the early care and education environment.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Structural Effect of Orthoses for Pediatric Flexible Flat Foot: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0014
Author(s):  
Jun Young Choi ◽  
Min Jin Kim ◽  
Jin Soo Suh
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Structural Effect ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Flat Foot ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Flat Feet ◽  
The Cochrane Library

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Several conservative treatment methods, from intrinsic muscle exercises to orthoses, including insoles or specially designed shoes, have been introduced for pediatric flexible flat foot (PFFF). However, the structural effects of orthoses use remain unclear because the normal physiological maturation of the medial longitudinal arch cannot be ruled out. Methods: A comprehensive literature search using five databases, namely MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, the Web of Science, and EMBASE, was performed for pertinent articles published before March 30, 2018. Studies with quantitative data on the effects of the long-term use of orthoses for PFFF were included. The search strategy was adapted as appropriate for all other databases searched considering the differences in indexing terms and search syntax for each database. Results: All studies, including randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, could not prove the estimated effects of orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch. However, they revealed that flexible flat feet in young children slowly improved with growth, regardless of the type of footwear used. However, three of four studies, which were case series, revealed that positive long-term effects could be achieved using orthoses. Conclusion: There is no strong evidence that the long-term use of orthoses improved the structural problem of PFFF.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Efficacy of Working Memory Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 22 Randomized Controlled Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. e174-e188
Author(s):  
Jianhua Hou ◽  
Taiyi Jiang ◽  
Jiangning Fu ◽  
Bin Su ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

Abstract Objectives The long-lasting efficacy of working memory (WM) training has been a controversial and still ardently debated issue. In this meta-analysis, the authors explored the long-term effects of WM training in healthy older adults on WM subdomains and abilities outside the WM domain assessed in randomized controlled studies. Method A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar was conducted. Random-effects models were used to quantitatively synthesize the existing data. Results Twenty-two eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The mean participant age ranged from 63.77 to 80.1 years. The meta-synthesized long-term effects on updating were 0.45 (95% confidence interval = 0.253–0.648, <6 months: 0.395, 0.171–0.619, ≥6 months: 0.641, 0.223–1.058), on shifting, 0.447 (0.246–0.648, <6 months: 0.448, 0.146–0.75, ≥6 months: 0.446, 0.176–0.716); on inhibition, 0.387 (0.228–0.547, <6 months: 0.248, 0.013–0.484, ≥6 months: 0.504, 0.288–0.712); on maintenance, 0.486 (0.352–0.62, <6 months: 0.52, 0.279–0.761, ≥6 months: 0.471, 0.31–0.63). Discussion The results showed that WM training exerted robust long-term effects on enhancing the WM system and improving processing speed and reasoning in late adulthood. Future studies are needed to use different tasks of the same WM construct to evaluate the WM training benefits, to adopt more ecological tasks or tasks related to daily life, to improve the external validity of WM training, and to identify the optimal implementation strategy for WM training.

Sexuality in Adult Cancer Survivors: Challenges and Intervention

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (30) ◽  
pp. 3712-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Bober ◽  
Veronica Sanchez Varela
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Problems ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Integrative Treatment Model

Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common and distressing consequences of cancer treatment. Although some treatment-related sexual adverse effects are short-term, many survivors face long-term effects such as treatment-induced menopause, altered gonadal function, and significant surgical disfigurement. Profound sexual dysfunction has been shown to have a significant negative effect on quality of life. Although these problems have been well documented and there are a range of intervention strategies that can help patients cope with treatment-related sexual problems, many survivors do not feel prepared for potential sexual changes and often do not receive adequate support to manage sexual dysfunction. Numerous barriers contribute to this underprovided aspect of survivorship care, including lack of provider training and access to readily available resources. In addition, psychological, relational, and cultural factors significantly influence sexuality but are often not taken into consideration in research and clinical practice. By taking an integrative approach and providing survivors with appropriate screening, information, and support, sexual dysfunction and accompanying distress can be significantly alleviated. In this article, we aim to provide a concise review of the most common sexual problems experienced by survivors and highlight some of the most promising evidence-based practices for assessment and intervention. We also address limitations encountered in research and practice and explore future directions, including suggestions for adopting an integrative treatment model to address sexual dysfunction in a cancer survivorship treatment setting.

scholarly journals MODERN LASER TECHNOLOGIES IN ENDODONTICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Polevaya ◽  
Eleonora Borisova ◽  
Larisa Polevaya
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Laser Technologies

Subject. Pulp tissue diseases are characterized by a wide prevalence, which makes it possible to consider the quality of endodontic dental treatment one of the most urgent problems of modern dentistry. High-quality treatment of complicated forms of caries is the prevention of odontogenic inflammatory processes, which include periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, abscess and phlegmon. Therefore, new tools and methods of treatment of complicated forms of caries are proposed, aimed at long-term preservation of teeth as a functional unit of the dental system. Objective: to analyze modern laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries. Materials and methods. The study was based on the search and study of original articles on the endodontic treatment of complicated forms of caries using laser radiation in the databases: Russian state library, eLibrary, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar. The main selection of materials was carried out by keywords. Results. The literature review describes the positive properties of laser radiation, its mechanism of action, the basics of its use in endodontic treatment, and its application in various branches of dentistry. Conclusions. Analyzing the literature data, we can conclude that the use of laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries is promising. It is possible to achieve high-quality cleaning of the root canal system and the best long-term results. However, the literature does not sufficiently cover the use of Er, Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm in the treatment of purulent pulpitis and pulp necrosis. In addition, taking into account the possibility of using lasers at a therapeutic appointment, it is possible to significantly improve the professional level of a dentist, improving the quality of dental care, reducing the number of complications and preventing various dental diseases.

scholarly journals Qualitative Research on Legal Education: Studying Outstanding Law Teachers

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald F. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Stage Process

This article advocates that law schools and law teachers should use high quality, rigorous, qualitative research to help them make thoughtful changes in response to current challenges facing legal education. Regardless of the type of study, qualitative research involves a five stage process: (1) study design and ethics; (2) sampling; (3) data collection; (4) data analysis; and (5) the research report.This article illustrates each stage of the qualitative research process through a study of outstanding law teachers that was reported in the recent book, What the Best Law Teachers Do. This book is based on a study that was designed to identify the characteristics and practices of extraordinary law teachers who have significant, positive, long-term effects on their students.

scholarly journals Response of Winter-injured Peach Trees to Pruning

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-765
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Miller ◽  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Over Time

Seven-year-old `Blake'/`Lovell' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were subjected to four pruning levels (none, light, heavy, and dehorned) each at three times (April, May, and June) in a factorial arrangement following freezing injury in January 1994. Pruning had a significant effect on canopy height, canopy volume and fruit yields. Peach trees pruned in April or dehorned (severe pruning) had less canopy volume in the first fruiting season (1995) after the pruning treatments were initiated than trees pruned in May or June and light or heavy pruned trees. In 1995, yields were lower for trees pruned in June, nonpruned or dehorned trees in 1994. These treatments also produced fewer large fruit at harvest and thus reduced dollar returns per hectare in 1995. In 1996, fruit numbers and fruit sizes did not differ among treatments, but dehorned trees had lower returns per hectare because trees were smaller. The results of this study indicate that peach trees subjected to moderate winter injury should be pruned no later than 2 to 3 weeks after bloom using a heavy level of pruning. There appears to be no economic advantage to dehorn pruning even though canopy volume can be reduced resulting in a smallertree with high quality wood. The results clearly illustrate the long-term negative effect of dehorn pruning on yields resulting from reduced canopy volume. Mean number of cankers per tree increased over time from 1995 through 1998, but pruning treatments did not affect the number of cankers produced. Pruning treatments did affect the size of cankers and the number with visible gumming.

scholarly journals PERINATAL OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Vladimirovna Artymuk ◽  
Aleksey Gennadyevich Trishkin ◽  
Ekaterina Sergeevna Bikmetova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Effects On Children

The article presents a review of sources concerning perinatal outcomes and long-term effects on children and adults born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Neonates with IUGR are at high risk for morbidity and mortality. The conditions of antenatal fetal life may program the range of unfavorable long-term effects in adulthood. This requires further study of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of IUGR.

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