scholarly journals Nutrition and Cancer Risk from the Viewpoint of the Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3326
Author(s):  
Yoshimu Tanaka ◽  
Shin Shimizu ◽  
Masahiko Shirotani ◽  
Kensho Yorozu ◽  
Kunihiro Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

There are various important factors in reducing the risk of cancer development and progression; these factors may correct an unbalanced intake of nutrients to maintain the living body’s homeostasis, detoxify toxic materials, acting as an external factor, and maintain and strengthen the body’s immune function. In a normal cell environment, nutrients, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, are properly digested and absorbed into the body, and, as a result, an environment in which cancer can develop and progress is prevented. It is necessary to prevent toxic materials from entering the body and to detoxify poisons in the body. If these processes occur correctly, cells work normally, and genes cannot be damaged. The most important factor in the fight against cancer and prevention of the development and progression of cancer is the immune system. This requires a nutritional state in which the immune system works well, allowing the intestinal microbiome to carry out all of its roles. In order to grow intestinal microbiota, the consumption of prebiotics, such as organic vegetables, fruits, and dietary fiber, and probiotics of effective intestinal microbiota, such as fermented foods and supplements, is required. Symbiosis, in which these organisms work together, is an effective means of reducing the risk of cancer. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using ultrafine bubble water, produced specially by the Association for Clinical Research of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Japan, is also useful for improving the nutritional condition and reducing the risk of cancer.

scholarly journals New Developments in Microbiome in Alcohol-Associated and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipp Hartmann ◽  
Bernd Schnabl
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

AbstractAlcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the development and progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Here we describe associated changes in the intestinal microbiota, and we detail randomized clinical trials in ALD and NAFLD which evaluate treatments modulating the intestinal microbiome including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. Finally, we discuss precision medicine approaches targeting the intestinal microbiome to ameliorate ALD and NAFLD.

scholarly journals The intestinal microbiota contributes to the growth and physiological state of muscle tissue in piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renli Qi ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Xiaoyu Qiu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Function

AbstractAlthough the importance of the intestinal microbiota in host growth and health is well known, the relationship between microbiota colonization and muscle development is unclear. In this study, the direct causal effects of the colonization of gut microorganisms on the muscle tissue of piglets were investigated. The body weight and lean mass of germ-free (GF) piglets were approximately 40% lower than those of normal piglets. The deletion of the intestinal microbiota led to weakened muscle function and a reduction in myogenic regulatory proteins, such as MyoG and MyoD, in GF piglets. In addition, the blinded IGF1/AKT/mTOR pathway in GF piglets caused muscle atrophy and autophagy, which were characterized by the high expression of Murf-1 and KLF15. Gut microbiota introduced to GF piglets via fecal microbiota transplantation not only colonized the gut but also partially restored muscle growth and development. Furthermore, the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers was lower in the muscle of GF piglets, which was caused by the reduced short-chain fatty acid content in the circulation and impaired mitochondrial function in muscle. Collectively, these findings suggest that the growth, development and function of skeletal muscle in animals are mediated by the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Fecal microbiome change in patients with ulcerative colitis after fecal microbiota transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
A. Y. Tikunov ◽  
V. V. Morozov ◽  
A. N. Shvalov ◽  
A. V. Bardasheva ◽  
E. V. Shrayner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Fecal Microbiome

Intestinal human microbiota is a dynamic system that is under the pressures of its host organism and external factors. Microbiota disruption caused by these factors can lead to severe diseases including inflammatory and oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the possible approaches in managing the intestinal microbiota is fecal microbiota transplantation (FT) – transfer of the microbiota from the stool of a healthy donor to the intestinal tract of a recipient patient. Currently, this procedure is recognized as an efficacious method to normalize the intestinal microbiota mainly in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In Russia, pilot studies of the effectiveness of FT in patients with ulcerative colitis have been conducted for several years, and these studies were started in Novosibirsk. The aim of this study was to assess the change of intestinal microbiome in 20 patients with ulcerative colitis after a single FT procedure. The main method is a comparative analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence libraries constructed using fecal samples obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis before and after FT and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The obtained results showed that FT led to an increase in average biodiversity in samples after FT compared to samples before FT; however, the difference was not significant. In the samples studied, the proportion of Firmicutes sequences, the major gastrointestinal microbiota of healthy people, was decreased (~32 % vs. >70 %), while the proportion of Proteobacteria sequences was increased (>9 % vs. <5 %). In some samples collected before FT, sequences of pathogenic Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were detected, including Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcusspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophylia, Streptococcusspp. In most cases, the proportion of such sequences after FT substantially decreased in appropriate samples. The exception was the Clostridiumdifficilesequences, which accounted for <0.5 % of the sequences in samples from almost half of the patients and after FT, the share of such C. difficilesequences was significantly reduced only in samples from three patients. It should be noted that the proportion of Lactobacillusspp. increased ten-fold and their species composition significantly expanded. According to the obtained results, a preliminary conclusion can be made that even a single FT procedure can lead to an increase in the biodiversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in patients and to the optimization of the taxonomic composition of the microbiota.

scholarly journals Involvement of Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Immune System Modulation

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Neslihan Yeşilyurt ◽  
Birsen Yılmaz ◽  
Duygu Ağagündüz ◽  
Raffaele Capasso
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Intestinal microbiota interacts with other systems, especially the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body by recognizing “stranger” (pathogen associated molecular patterns-PAMPs) and “danger” (damage-associated molecular patterns-DAMPs) molecular motifs. In this manner, it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases and health. Despite the use of probiotics that modulate the intestinal microbiota in providing health benefits and in the treatment of diseases, there are some possible concerns about the possibility of developing adverse effects, especially in people with suppressed immune systems. Since probiotics provide health benefits with bioactive compounds, studies are carried out on the use of products containing non-living probiotic microorganisms (paraprobiotics) and/or their metabolites (postbiotics) instead of probiotic products. It is even reported that these microbial compounds have more immunomodulatory activities than living microorganisms via some possible mechanism and eliminates some disadvantages of probiotics. Considering the increasing use of functional foods in health and disease, further studies are needed with respect to the benefits and advantages of parabiotic and/or postbiotic use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as well as immune system modulation. Although probiotics have been extensive studied for a long time, it seems that postbiotics are promising tools for future research and applications according to the recent literature. This review aimed to evaluate the interaction of probiotics and postbiotics with the immune systems and also their advantages and disadvantages in the area of food-pharmaceutical industry and immune system modulation.

scholarly journals Applications of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Emphasis on Clostridioides difficile Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 016-020
Author(s):  
Juliana Peloso Signorette ◽  
Rômulo Tadeu Dias de Oliveira ◽  
José Maria Montiel ◽  
Priscila Larcher Longo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
National Library ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

Abstract Objective This study aimed to perform a comprehensive review of clinical trials using fecal microbiota transplantation in cases of Clostridioides difficile infection. Methods This manuscript reviews clinical studies published from 2003 to 2020 at the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO Brazil), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and US National Library of Medicine (MedLine/PubMed) databases using the descriptors antibiotic/antimicrobial, Clostridium difficile/Clostridioides difficile, intestinal microbiota/intestinal microbiome and fecal transplantation. Results Interventions on microbiota include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as therapeutic methods. Results show that fecal microbiota transplantation is an excellent alternative for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infections.

scholarly journals Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Controls Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice by Modulating the TFR/TFH Immune Imbalance and Intestinal Microbiota Composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Liang ◽  
Zhang Liwen ◽  
Song Jianguo ◽  
Dai Juan ◽  
Ding Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Immune Imbalance ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis contributes to the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in a murine model of experimental AIH (EAH), a condition more similar to that of AIH patients. Changes in the enteric microbiome were determined in AIH patients and EAH mice. Moreover, we established an experimental model of secondary EAH mice harboring dysbiosis (ABx) to analyze the effects of therapeutic FMT administration on follicular regulatory T (TFR) and helper T (TFH) cell imbalances and IM composition in vivo. Alterations of the IM composition and bacterial translocation occurred in AIH patients compared to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients and healthy controls (HCs). Therapeutic FMT significantly attenuated liver injury and bacterial translocation and improved the imbalance between splenic TFR cells and TFH cells in ABx EAH mice. Furthermore, therapeutic FMT also partially reversed the increasing trend in serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST) of CXCR5−/−EAH mice on the 28th day. Finally, therapeutic FMT could effectively restore antibiotic-induced IM dysbiosis in EAH mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that FMT was capable of controlling hepatitis progression in EAH mice, and the associated mechanism might be involved in the regulation of the TFR/TFH immune imbalance and the restoration of IM composition.

scholarly journals Dynamic Colonization of Microbes and Their Functions after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel D. Chu ◽  
Jessica W. Crothers ◽  
Le T. T. Nguyen ◽  
Sean M. Kearney ◽  
Mark B. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Healthy Donor ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Sick Patient ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Living Organisms

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)—transferring fecal microbes from a healthy donor to a sick patient—has shown promise for gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, unlike pharmaceuticals, fecal transplants are complex mixtures of living organisms, which must then interact with the microbes and immune system of the recipient.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiome and NAFLD: molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiming Hu ◽  
Aizhen Lin ◽  
Mingwang Kong ◽  
Xiaowei Yao ◽  
Mingzhu Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Bile Acid Sequestrants ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of dysregulated lipid and glucose metabolism, which is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In view of the high morbidity and health risks of NAFLD, the lack of effective cure has drawn great attention. In recent years, a line of evidence has suggested a close linkage between the intestine and liver diseases such as NAFLD. We summarized the composition and characteristics of intestinal microbes and reviewed molecular insights into the intestinal microbiome in development and progression of NAFLD. Intestinal microbes mainly include bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi, and the crosstalk between non-bacterial intestinal microbes and human liver diseases should be paid more attention. Intestinal microbiota imbalance may not only increase the intestinal permeability to gut microbes but also lead to liver exposure to harmful substances that promote hepatic lipogenesis and fibrosis. Furthermore, we focused on reviewing the latest “gut–liver axis”-targeting treatment, including the application of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, farnesoid X receptor agonists, bile acid sequestrants, gut-derived hormones, adsorbents and fecal microbiota transplantation for NAFLD. In this review, we also discussed the potential mechanisms of “gut–liver axis” manipulation and efficacy of these therapeutic strategies for NAFLD treatment.

scholarly journals Teasaponin Ameliorates Murine Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Suppressing the Immune System Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Yang ◽  
Rui Cai ◽  
Ziyan Kong ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Chen Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Murine Colitis ◽  
Mucus Barrier

Background: Dietary intervention is an exciting topic in current research of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The effect of teasaponin (TS) on IBD has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to investigate the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of TS in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and identify potential mechanisms.Methods: We applied TS to mice with DSS-induced colitis and then monitored the body weight, disease activity index (DAI) daily. When sacrificed, the intestinal permeability was measured. The analysis of mucin and tight junction proteins was conducted. We detected the inflammatory cytokines, the immune cells and related inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and we also performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).Results: It showed that TS ameliorated the colonic damage by lowering the DAI, prolonging the colon length, reducing inflammatory cytokines and improving the mucus barrier. Parallel to down-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines, the fecal lipocalin 2, p-P65, p-STAT3, and neutrophil accumulation were also decreased in TS-treated mice. Microbiota characterization showed that Campylobacteria, Proteobacteria, Helicobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae were the key bacteria associated with IBD. In addition, TS could reverse the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and increase the beneficial bacteria, including Akkermansia and Bacteroides. TS ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota, and the gut microbiota could regulate gut inflammation.Conclusions: These studies demonstrated that TS ameliorated murine colitis through the modulation of immune response, mucus barrier and gut microbiota, thus improving gut dysbiosis. In addition, the gut microbiota may play an important role in regulating the host's innate immune system, and the two coexist and are mutually beneficial. We provide a promising perspective on the clinical treatment of IBD.

scholarly journals Lyophilized Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Capsules for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S381-S381
Author(s):  
Hebert Dupont ◽  
Zhi-Dong Jiang ◽  
Ashley Alexander ◽  
Nadim Ajami ◽  
Joseph F Petrosino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Microbiome Diversity

Abstract Background Fecal microbiota (FM) transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection (rCDI). We have published data showing efficacy of fresh, frozen and lyophilized donor microbiota administered by colonoscopy. Most groups are moving toward use of frozen product given by enema and in evaluating encapsulated product for oral delivery. Methods This was a prospective, randomized study of subjects with rCDI (≥ 3 episodes) treated with encapsulated lyophilized FM 100 g given once or 100 g given on two successive days (total 200 g) vs. frozen FM product 100 g given by single retention enema, between March 2015 and February 2017. The clinical outcome was absence of CDI during the 60 days after FMT. The subjects were followed for 6 months for safety. In a subset recipients, microbiome composition by 16S rRNA gene profiling were analyzed on stools obtained pre- and day 2, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after FMT. Results A total of 54 subjects were enrolled (37/54; 69% female) with a median age of 71 years (range: 20–97). In the first 14 subjects treated, cure rates for oral capsules 100 g FM was 5/8 (63%) vs. 6/6 (100%) for those receiving 100 g frozen FM by enema (P = 0.209). In the second phase of the study cure rate for oral capsules 200 g FM was 17/18 (91%) vs. 20/21 (94%) for the subjects treated by enema by 100 g of frozen product (P = 0.782). No side effects were felt to be related to the procedure or the FMT products were recorded during 6 months follow-up. Two subjects died during follow-up between 3 and 6 months after study due to underlying medical conditions felt to be unrelated to FMT. Microbiota analysis were performed on 40 subjects of which 19/40 (48%) had received capsules. Figure showed that restoration of the intestinal microbiome diversity and Taxa began apparent by 2 days after FMT in both groups and resembled the donor product by 2 weeks with stabilization of the microbiota diversity and Taxa persisting for the 90 days of observation. Conclusion Administration of encapsulated, lyophilized FM resulted in durable restoration of intestinal microbiome diversity comparable to results seen with frozen product given by enema. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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