scholarly journals Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3211
Author(s):  
Hang-Yu Li ◽  
Dan-Dan Zhou ◽  
Ren-You Gan ◽  
Si-Yu Huang ◽  
Cai-Ning Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Metabolic diseases are serious threats to public health and related to gut microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP) are powerful regulators of gut microbiota, thus possessing prospects for preventing metabolic diseases. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of PPSP on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota are worth discussing and clarifying. Generally, PPSP benefit metabolic diseases management, especially obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying gut microbial-related mechanisms are mainly the modulation of gut microbiota composition, regulation of gut microbial metabolites, and improvement of intestinal barrier function. Moreover, clinical trials showed the benefits of PPSP on patients with metabolic diseases, while the clinical strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus, optimal formula of synbiotics and health benefits of postbiotics need further study. This review fully summarizes the relationship between probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and metabolic diseases, presents promising results and the one in dispute, and especially attention is paid to illustrates potential mechanisms and clinical effects, which could contribute to the next research and development of PPSP.

scholarly journals Gastroenterocardiology: Or what do the gut and the heart have in common?

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Zoran Joksimović ◽  
Dušan Bastać ◽  
Snežana Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiota of our organism is a community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and parasites that make up a unique ecosystem in the digestive tract, which consists of about 1014 microorganisms. The diversity of this community between individuals occurs because of the differences in the host genome and the impact of environmental factors, including hygiene, diet, lifestyle and the use of different drugs. Significant evidence suggests that changes in the microbiota could play a role in cardiovascular diseases. The results of research papers for the last two decades have confirmed that altered gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) contributes to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and even certain types of cancer. There is growing evidence that in the future, apart from current predisposing factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, one should count on new risk factors such as nutritional disproportion and gut dysbiosis. Thus, we look upon the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system, i.e. the "gut-heart axis" in a new way.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Fibres on Acute Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Hyperpermeability in the Elderly: A Randomised Placebo Controlled Parallel Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1954
Author(s):  
John-Peter Ganda Mall ◽  
Frida Fart ◽  
Julia A. Sabet ◽  
Carl Mårten Lindqvist ◽  
Ragnhild Nestestog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Dietary Fibres ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The effect of dietary fibres on intestinal barrier function has not been well studied, especially in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the potential of the dietary fibres oat β-glucan and wheat arabinoxylan to strengthen the intestinal barrier function and counteract acute non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin)-induced hyperpermeability in the elderly. A general population of elderly subjects (≥65 years, n = 49) was randomised to a daily supplementation (12g/day) of oat β-glucan, arabinoxylan or placebo (maltodextrin) for six weeks. The primary outcome was change in acute indomethacin-induced intestinal permeability from baseline, assessed by an in vivo multi-sugar permeability test. Secondary outcomes were changes from baseline in: gut microbiota composition, systemic inflammatory status and self-reported health. Despite a majority of the study population (85%) showing a habitual fibre intake below the recommendation, no significant effects on acute indomethacin-induced intestinal hyperpermeability in vivo or gut microbiota composition were observed after six weeks intervention with either dietary fibre, compared to placebo.

scholarly journals Multi-Pharmacology of Berberine in Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Diseases: Potential Contribution of Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjie Yang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Zongliang Yu ◽  
Yujuan Li ◽  
Min Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Atherosclerosis (AS), especially atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs), and metabolic diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) are major public health issues worldwide that seriously threaten human health. Exploring effective natural product-based drugs is a promising strategy for the treatment of AS and metabolic diseases. Berberine (BBR), an important isoquinoline alkaloid found in various medicinal plants, has been shown to have multiple pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications. In view of its low bioavailability, increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota may serve as a target for the multifunctional effects of BBR. Under the pathological conditions of AS and metabolic diseases, BBR improves intestinal barrier function and reduces inflammation induced by gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, BBR reverses or induces structural and compositional alterations in the gut microbiota and regulates gut microbe-dependent metabolites as well as related downstream pathways; this improves glucose and lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. These findings at least partly explain the effect of BBR on AS and metabolic diseases. In this review, we elaborate on the research progress of BBR and its mechanisms of action in the treatment of AS and metabolic diseases from the perspective of gut microbiota, to reveal the potential contribution of gut microbiota to the multifunctional biological effects of BBR.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Inflammation with Respect to Diet and Extrinsic Stressors

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefani Lobionda ◽  
Panida Sittipo ◽  
Hyog Young Kwon ◽  
Yun Kyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and regulates several important functions including host metabolism, immunity, and intestinal barrier function. Intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota and associated changes in metabolites as well as disruptions in the intestinal barrier are evidence of the relationship between the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Recent studies have found that many factors may alter the gut microbiota, with the effects of diet being commonly-studied. Extrinsic stressors, including environmental stressors, antibiotic exposure, sleep disturbance, physical activity, and psychological stress, may also play important roles in altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the roles of the gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation in relation to diet and other extrinsic stressors.

scholarly journals Curcumin improves intestinal barrier function: modulation of intracellular signaling, and organization of tight junctions

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (4) ◽  
pp. C438-C445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Siddhartha S. Ghosh ◽  
Shobha Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Oral Supplementation

Association between circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from high-fat high-cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products (e.g., LPS) into circulation due to intestinal barrier dysfunction as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases. We demonstrated earlier that oral supplementation with curcumin attenuates WD-induced development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Poor bioavailability of curcumin has precluded the establishment of a causal relationship between oral supplementation and it is in vivo effects. We hypothesized that curcumin attenuates WD-induced chronic inflammation and associated metabolic diseases by modulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestinal barrier function. The objective of the present study was to delineate the underlying mechanisms. The human IEC lines Caco-2 and HT-29 were used for these studies and modulation of direct as well as indirect effects of LPS on intracellular signaling as well as tight junctions were examined. Pretreatment with curcumin significantly attenuated LPS-induced secretion of master cytokine IL-1β from IECs and macrophages. Furthermore, curcumin also reduced IL-1β-induced activation of p38 MAPK in IECs and subsequent increase in expression of myosin light chain kinase involved in the phosphorylation of tight junction proteins and ensuing disruption of their normal arrangement. The major site of action of curcumin is, therefore, likely the IECs and the intestinal barrier, and by reducing intestinal barrier dysfunction, curcumin modulates chronic inflammatory diseases despite poor bioavailability.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Composition and Fecal Metabolic Profiling in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixi Zhou ◽  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Xiaojing Xiong ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Jingying Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Recent evidence suggests there is a link between metabolic diseases and gut microbiota. To investigate the gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolic phenotype in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients. DNA was extracted from 50 fecal samples (21 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated retinopathy (DR), 14 with type 2 diabetes mellitus but without retinopathy (DM) and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls) and then sequenced by high-throughput 16S rDNA analysis. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics was simultaneously performed on the samples. A significant difference in the gut microbiota composition was observed between the DR and healthy groups and between the DR and DM groups. At the genus level, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Lachnospira and Romboutsia were enriched in DR patients compared to healthy individuals, while Akkermansia was depleted. Compared to those in the DM patient group, five genera, including Prevotella, were enriched, and Bacillus, Veillonella, and Pantoea were depleted in DR patients. Fecal metabolites in DR patients significantly differed from those in the healthy population and DM patients. The levels of carnosine, succinate, nicotinic acid and niacinamide were significantly lower in DR patients than in healthy controls. Compared to those in DM patients, nine metabolites were enriched, and six were depleted in DR patients. KEGG annotation revealed 17 pathways with differentially abundant metabolites between DR patients and healthy controls, and only two pathways with differentially abundant metabolites were identified between DR and DM patients, namely, the arginine-proline and α-linolenic acid metabolic pathways. In a correlation analysis, armillaramide was found to be negatively associated with Prevotella and Subdoligranulum and positively associated with Bacillus. Traumatic acid was negatively correlated with Bacillus. Our study identified differential gut microbiota compositions and characteristic fecal metabolic phenotypes in DR patients compared with those in the healthy population and DM patients. Additionally, the gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolic phenotype were relevant. We speculated that the gut microbiota in DR patients may cause alterations in fecal metabolites, which may contribute to disease progression, providing a new direction for understanding DR.

scholarly journals Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12836
Author(s):  
Natalia Di Tommaso ◽  
Antonio Gasbarrini ◽  
Francesca Romana Ponziani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Permeable Barrier ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their secretions. The gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier in a homeostatic balance. Pathogens, xenobiotics and food can disrupt the intestinal barrier, promoting systemic inflammation and tissue damage. Genetic and immune factors predispose individuals to gut barrier dysfunction, and changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are central to this process. The progressive identification of these changes has led to the development of the concept of ‘leaky gut syndrome’ and ‘gut dysbiosis’, which underlie the relationship between intestinal barrier impairment, metabolic diseases and autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is an intriguing subject of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases.

scholarly journals Metabolic disorders and gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Anna Kotrova ◽  
◽  
Alexandr Shishkin ◽  
Maria Lukashenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
New Approaches

Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome are metabolic widespread disorders that arise both under the influence of external factors (physical inactivity, high-calorie diet) and under the influence of internal factors. The latter includes the intestinal microbiota which deserves more and more attention in developing new strategies for the correction of metabolic diseases. The discovery of new approaches for the gut microbiota study (metagenomic, metabolomic) gives a new insight into the diversity and involvement of intestinal bacteria in the metabolic processes of the whole organism. This article are reviewed the mechanisms of the gut bacteria impact on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the relationship of bacteria species and their metabolites with tissue insulin sensitivity, body mass index. Special attention in the regulation of tissue insulin sensitivity is paid to the role of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, which are metabolites of gut bacteria. Understanding the influence of human microbiota and its metabolites on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism provides the basis for the development of new approaches to the prevention and treatment of socially significant metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome.

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