scholarly journals Identifying Nutrient Patterns in South African Foods to Support National Nutrition Guidelines and Policies

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3194
Author(s):  
Yusentha Balakrishna ◽  
Samuel Manda ◽  
Henry Mwambi ◽  
Averalda van Graan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
The South ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Food Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Patterns

Food composition databases (FCDBs) provide the nutritional content of foods and are essential for developing nutrition guidance and effective intervention programs to improve nutrition of a population. In public and nutritional health research studies, FCDBs are used in the estimation of nutrient intake profiles at the population levels. However, such studies investigating nutrient co-occurrence and profile patterns within the African context are very rare. This study aimed to identify nutrient co-occurrence patterns within the South African FCDB (SAFCDB). A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 28 nutrients and 971 foods in the South African FCDB to determine compositionally similar food items. A second principal component analysis was applied to the food items for validation. Eight nutrient patterns (NPs) explaining 73.4% of the nutrient variation among foods were identified: (1) high magnesium and manganese; (2) high copper and vitamin B12; (3) high animal protein, niacin, and vitamin B6; (4) high fatty acids and vitamin E; (5) high calcium, phosphorous and sodium; (6) low moisture and high available carbohydrate; (7) high cholesterol and vitamin D; and (8) low zinc and high vitamin C. Similar food patterns (FPs) were identified from a PCA on food items, yielding subgroups such as dark-green, leafy vegetables and, orange-coloured fruit and vegetables. One food pattern was associated with high sodium levels and contained bread, processed meat and seafood, canned vegetables, and sauces. The data-driven nutrient and food patterns found in this study were consistent with and support the South African food-based dietary guidelines and the national salt regulations.

scholarly journals A treelet transform analysis to relate nutrient patterns to the risk of hormonal receptor-defined breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Assi ◽  
Aurelie Moskal ◽  
Nadia Slimani ◽  
Vivian Viallon ◽  
Veronique Chajes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hormonal Receptor ◽  
Nutrient Patterns ◽  
Prospective Investigation

AbstractObjectivePattern analysis has emerged as a tool to depict the role of multiple nutrients/foods in relation to health outcomes. The present study aimed at extracting nutrient patterns with respect to breast cancer (BC) aetiology.DesignNutrient patterns were derived with treelet transform (TT) and related to BC risk. TT was applied to twenty-three log-transformed nutrient densities from dietary questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals computed using Cox proportional hazards models quantified the association between quintiles of nutrient pattern scores and risk of overall BC, and by hormonal receptor and menopausal status. Principal component analysis was applied for comparison.SettingThe European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).SubjectsWomen (n 334 850) from the EPIC study.ResultsThe first TT component (TC1) highlighted a pattern rich in nutrients found in animal foods loading on cholesterol, protein, retinol, vitamins B12 and D, while the second TT component (TC2) reflected a diet rich in β-carotene, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamins C and B6, fibre, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, P and folate. While TC1 was not associated with BC risk, TC2 was inversely associated with BC risk overall (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·89, 95 % CI 0·83, 0·95, Ptrend<0·01) and showed a significantly lower risk in oestrogen receptor-positive (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·89, 95 % CI 0·81, 0·98, Ptrend=0·02) and progesterone receptor-positive tumours (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·87, 95 % CI 0·77, 0·98, Ptrend<0·01).ConclusionsTT produces readily interpretable sparse components explaining similar amounts of variation as principal component analysis. Our results suggest that participants with a nutrient pattern high in micronutrients found in vegetables, fruits and cereals had a lower risk of BC.

scholarly journals Food patterns measured by principal component analysis and obesity in the Nepalese adult

Heart Asia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Shrestha ◽  
Rajendra Prasad Koju ◽  
Shirley A A Beresford ◽  
Kwun Chuen Gary Chan ◽  
Biraj Man Karmacharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Food Patterns

scholarly journals Multi-trait Analysis of Agroclimate Variations During the Growing Season in East-Central Poland (1971-2005)

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Radzka ◽  
Katarzyna Rymuza
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
The North

Abstract The work is based on meteorological data recorded by nine stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management located in east-central Poland from 1971 to 2005. The region encompasses the North Podlasian Lowland and the South Podlasian Lowland. Average values of selected agroclimate indicators for the growing season were determined. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to indicate elements that exerted the greatest influence on the agroclimate. Also, cluster analysis was carried out to select stations with similar agroclimate. Ward method was used for clustering and the Euclidean distance was applied. Principal component analysis revealed that the agroclimate of east-central Poland was predominantly affected by climatic water balance, number of days of active plant growth, length of the farming period, and the average air temperature during the growing season (Apr-Sept). Based on the analysis, the region of east-central Poland was divided into two groups (areas) with different agroclimatic conditions. The first area comprized the following stations: Szepietowo and Białowieża located in the North Podlasian Lowland and Biała Podlaska situated in the northern part of the South Podlasian Lowland. This area was characterized by shorter farming periods and a lower average air temperature during the growing season. The other group included the remaining stations located in the western part of both the Lowlands which was warmer and where greater water deficits were recorded.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of evergreen oaks (Quercus) in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilmaz Aykut ◽  
Uslu Emel ◽  
Babaç M. Tekin
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
Plant Taxon ◽  
Evergreen Oaks

The genus Quercus L. has a problematic taxonomy because of widespreadhybridization among them. Evergreen Quercus contain three species in section Ilex Loudon namely, Q. ilex L., Q. coccifera L. and Q. aucheri Jaub. et Spach in Turkey. Here, two species, Q. coccifera and Q. aucheri are usually confused with each other. However, Q. coccifera and Q. calliprinos are accepted as different species but this subject is still controversial. Morphometric leaf and fruit variations of Q. ilex, Q. coccifera and Q. aucheri in 26 populations were measured for 25 characters. Variations within and among populations of species were detected by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. This study shows that populations of Q. coccifera from the south region of Turkey form a second group within Q. coccifera. Secondly, Q. coccifera show more similarity to Q. aucheri than Q. ilex, and finally there are two groups within Q. coccifera, which may be evaluated as Q. coccifera and Q. calliprinos.Keywords: Ilex; Morphometric, UPGMA; Turkey.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 24(1): 39–47, 2017 (June)

scholarly journals A regression and comparative study of United States and South African yield curves using principal component analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavir Patel ◽  
Ashfaaq Mohamed ◽  
Gary W. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
South African ◽  
Yield Curve ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Curves ◽  
Analysis Technique

Volatile markets and economic environments can significantly distort the shape and smoothness of yield curve movements. This study explores the influence of movements in United States interest rates on South African interest rates. This study aims to identify the main underlying movements present in the United States and South African yield curves and to further determine the dominant factors that are responsible for driving South African interest rate movements. The principal settings for the study were the United States and South African markets representing, respectively, a developed and developing market. Principal component analysis was used to discern the major drivers of developing and developed market interest rates. The findings show that the principal component analysis technique is able to effectively classify and quantify the movements of yield curves across both markets in terms of three main factors, namely level, slope and curvature shifts. During certain periods, South African yield curve changes were largely driven by variations in United States interest rates and the rand/dollar exchange rate. Results also demonstrated that a volatile market and economic environment can significantly distort the shape and smoothness of yield curve movements.

scholarly journals Identification of dietary patterns by principal component analysis in schoolchildren in the South of Brazil and associated factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-745
Author(s):  
Gabriela Rodrigues Bratkowski ◽  
Vanessa Backes ◽  
Maria Teresa Olinto ◽  
Ruth Liane Henn
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The South ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Of Brazil

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns (DP) and associated factors in first grade school-children in elementary schools in the South of Brazil. Methods: school-based cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 782 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. DP were identified using the principal component analysis and the prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression with a robust variance. Results: four DP were identified and accounted for 25.3% of the total variance: "fruit, vegetables and fish" (8.5%), "sweets and salty snacks" (7.0%), "dairy, ham and biscuits" (5.0%) and "common Brazilian food" (4.8%). After the adjustment, breakfast habit and lower frequency of meals in front of a screen increased the probability of adherence to a high consumption of DP of "fruit, vegetables and fish". The maternal schooling level was linearly and inversely associated with DP of "sweets and salty snacks" and "common Brazilian food", and positively related to the DP of "dairy, ham and biscuits". Schoolchildren with food inse-curity and sufficiently active had higher probability of adherence to DP of "common Brazilian food". Conclusions: four DP were identified and associated with food insecurity, maternal socioeconomic characteristics and schoolchildren’s behavioral characteristics.

scholarly journals Education and lifestyle predict change in dietary patterns and diet quality of adults 55 years and over

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maree G. Thorpe ◽  
Catherine M. Milte ◽  
David Crawford ◽  
Sarah A. McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Time Points

Abstract Background Diet is a key risk factor for chronic disease, and an increasing concern among older adults. We aim to examine the changes in dietary patterns using principal component analysis and a diet quality index among older adults and examine the predictors of dietary change over a 4 year period. Methods Data was obtained via a postal survey in a prospective cohort, the Wellbeing Eating and Exercise for a Long Life (WELL) study. Australian adults aged 55 years and over (n = 1005 men and n = 1106 women) completed a food frequency at three time points and provided self-reported personal characteristics. Principal component analysis was used to assess dietary patterns and diet quality was assessed using the 2013 Revised Dietary Guideline Index. The relationships between predictors and change in dietary patterns were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results Two dietary patterns were consistently identified in men and women at three time points over 4 years. One was characterised by vegetables, fruit and white meat, and the other was characterised by red and processed meat and processed foods. Reduced consumption of key food groups within the principal component analysis-determined dietary patterns was observed. An increase in diet quality over 4 years was observed in men only. Reported higher education levels and favourable lifestyle characteristics, including not smoking and physical activity, at baseline predicted an increase in healthier dietary patterns over 4 years. Conclusions There was stability in the main dietary patterns identified over time, however participants reported an overall decrease in the frequency of consumption of key food groups. Compliance with the Australian Dietary Guidelines remained poor and therefore targeting this population in nutritional initiatives is important. Design of nutrition promotion for older adults need to consider those with lower socioeconomic status, as having a lower level of education was a predictor of poorer dietary patterns. It is important to consider how nutrition behaviours can be targeted alongside other lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking and inadequate physical activity to improve health.

An Empirical Investigation of the Declining Sucrose Content in South African Sugar Cane

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3(J)) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Mishelle Doorasamy
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Regression Result ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Explanatory Variables

This study is aimed at investigating the declining sucrose levels in South African sugar cane using principal component analysis. The agricultural production of sugar cane has been one of the major sources of income to the South African economy. Sucrose has been classified in the analysis of Brix percentage of sugarcane juice as one of the most important parameters of sugar composition, due to its usefulness, among the components in sugar cane which are needed for farmers to generate income within the economy. However, data indicates that the sucrose content decline which began in 2014 is still ongoing, representing great loss to the farmers. To investigate this trend, this study has regressed the sucrose percentage in cane as a dependent variable against the ratio in Tons of cane to 1 Ton of sugar, tons of cane crushed, tons of sugar made, and yields per hectare of harvested cane. The study used correlation matrices, summary statistics and principal component analysis as tools in carrying out its investigation. From the regression result, the proportional composition value of sucrose which stands at 0.6059 - the highest compared to others in the model - indicates that it is an essential component in the chain of sugar production. However, when the maximum value of sucrose (14.24000) is compared with its minimum (12.92000), a remarkable decline is observed. Since a remarkable difference is also observed when the mean value of 13.55353 is compared with the standard deviation value of 0.378318, the study can conclude that the percentage level of sucrose is low compared to other explanatory variables. This typically signifies a decline in the value of sucrose when compared with other variables under investigation.

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