scholarly journals Implementation of the Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes in Vietnam: Marketing Practices by the Industry and Perceptions of Caregivers and Health Workers

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2884
Author(s):  
Tuan T. Nguyen ◽  
Ha T. T. Tran ◽  
Jennifer Cashin ◽  
Van D. C. Nguyen ◽  
Amy Weissman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background: The promotion of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) is an important barrier to successful breastfeeding. Objective: To examine the enactment and implementation of the Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (the Code) in Vietnam with a focus on marketing practices by the baby food industry and perceptions of caregivers, health workers, and policy makers. Methods: From May to July 2020, we conducted a mixed-method, cross-sectional study including a survey of 268 pregnant women and 726 mothers of infants aged 0–11 months and in-depth interviews with a subset of interviewed women (n = 39), policy makers, media executives, and health workers (n = 31). Results: In the previous 30 days, two mothers (out of 726) participating in the quantitative survey reported that health workers had recommended BMS, at private hospitals in both cases. In-depth interviews with health workers showed that hospitals have internal procedures to prevent the promotion of BMS by health workers. However, companies employed representatives to promote products not covered under the Code (e.g., commercial milk formula for pregnant women) at antenatal care visits and by gaining contact information from women and using this information to promote BMS outside the hospital, often on social media. In the 30 days preceding the survey, one-fifth of pregnant women were exposed to promotions of commercial milk formula for pregnant women and 7.1% to promotions of BMS. Among mothers of infants, 7.3% and 10.7% of respondents with infants aged 0–5 and 6–11 months, respectively, were exposed to some form of BMS promotion in the past 30 days. Around the time of birth, parents commonly brought BMS to maternity facilities (52.5%) or purchased it nearby (35.4%). Conclusions: Although Vietnam has a strong regulatory environment for the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding, there are implementation, monitoring, and enforcement gaps. Stronger enforcement of national policies to regulate the presence of BMS industry representatives in health facilities—both public and private—and the promotion of BMS products on digital platforms are needed.

scholarly journals COVID-19- Related Stigma in COVID-19 Survivors in Kampala, Uganda: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabunga Amir
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
The Common ◽  
Thematic Approach ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Background: COVID-19-related stigma is gradually becoming a global problem among COVID-19 survivors with far-reaching implications. However, this social problem has received little attention in research and policy. This study aimed at exploring the COVID-19-related stigma survivors in Kampala, UgandaMethods: A cross-sectional exploratory research design was used. COVID-19 survivors in Kampala district part of the study. In-depth interviews were used to collect data and analysis was done using thematic approach. Results: The results from the data showed that COVID-19-related stigma is prevalent and the common form of stigma was social rejection. Conclusions: The majority of the respondent in the sample endorsed COVID-19-related stigma and such behaviors were high in the community. The COVID-19 pandemic survivors indicated that they faced social rejection and community ostracism. Thus reducing COVID-19-related stigma is vital to control the spread of the virus. An all-inclusive effort is needed to address COVID-19-related stigma and its debilitating consequences by health workers and policy makers.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge of Kenya’s Breast Milk Substitutes Act (2012) among Nurses in Mbagathi and Pumwani Hospital, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Nyaboke, Clement ◽  
Gesimba, Beatrice ◽  
Juma, Rose
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Nurses Knowledge

Breast Milk Substitutes Regulation and Control Act, 2012 aimed to provide for appropriate marketing and distribution of breast milk substitutes, safe and adequate nutrition for infants, through the promotion of breast-feeding and proper use of breast milk substitutes. Nurses are responsible for providing information about benefits of breastfeeding to help the new mother to make a fully informed decision about infant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine nurses' knowledge on the recommendations of the BMS Act in Mbagathi and Pumwani Hospitals, Nairobi County. This study used a cross-sectional descriptive research/study design. The target population were nurses who all work in maternity wards because of their responsibility for counseling mothers on infant nutrition. The study used a sample of 200 nurses. Questionnaires were use to collect data. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and chi-square Analysis with the help of SPSS. Majority (68%) of the respondents had high knowledge. There was a significant relationship (p=0.014) between the level of education and nurses knowledge on BMS. Nurse’s knowledge on the recommendations of the BMS Act was generally high. Nurses with bachelors and postgraduate degree were more likely to have high knowledge than those with certificates and diplomas in nursing. Diploma curriculum therefore needs to be bolstered to include current recommendations of breastfeeding in line with the BMS Act. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Breast Milk Substitutes Regulation and Control Act, Nurses knowledge.

scholarly journals IS ANYBODY KEEPING THE CODE IN BULGARIA? A STUDY TO EXPLORE LOCAL PARENTS' AWARENESS REGARDING THE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR THE MARKETING OF BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Ivanichka Serbezova ◽  
Daniela Lyutakova
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Postnatal Care ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Prenatal Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Who Code ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

This paper reviews Bulgarian parents’ awareness concerning the existence of the WHO Code for the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and how it can help them optimize their breastfeeding journey. Frequently occurring problems and breaches of the Code in Bulgaria are discussed, and their context explained. We focus on parental attitudes and investigate whether they acknowledge the significant necessity for a Code-compliant prenatal education and postnatal care. We also explore their viewpoints on the implementation of the Code and maximizing compliance with it on a local level. The research findings are presented graphically, and we present tendencies showcased by respondents’ opinions they have expressed in the survey. OBJECTIVES: Purposes of this research are: (1) to explore parents’ awareness about the WHO Code and their encounter with local prenatal classes in this regard (2) to assess their viewpoints on implementing the Code and if they see it as a significant step towards an optimal breastfeeding experience. METHODS: The methods we applied include an online-based cross-sectional semi-quantitative questionnaire with closed-ended and open-ended questions, aiming to explore parents’ current knowledge and viewpoints in regard to the Code and its implementation in Bulgaria. The research has been carried out via social media, and it samples parents from a local parent peer support group. Acquired data from closed-ended questions is presented, demonstrating percentages and tendencies. RESULTS: A total of 463 respondents are included CONCLUSION: It is a common practice in Bulgaria for prenatal classes not to comply with the WHO Code. Disregarding recommendations and evidence-based medicine, both some experts and companies under the scope of the Code breach its main points. Code-compliant prenatal education is practically almost non-existent with the lack of midwife-led care and classes, predominantly in the private sector, where they are almost entirely, sponsored by those companies. Nearly all parents included in this survey are more than willing and motivated to have access to Code-compliant prenatal education and postnatal care. The lack of such leaves almost no choice for Bulgarian parents actually to have access to code-compliant education and care. This inevitably influences their decision making, attitudes and behavior, potentially leading to lower breastfeeding rates and suboptimal breastfeeding satisfaction and success. Adequate measures must be reinforced to ensure implementation and proper legislation, providing monitoring and enforcement, protecting parents and their babies when they are most vulnerable.

scholarly journals Marketing Breastfeeding Substitutes: A Discussion Document

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9239
Author(s):  
Genevieve E Becker
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Discussion Document ◽  
Parental Confidence ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

Marketing influences knowledge, attitudes, and decisions related to infant and young child nutrition, safety, development, parental confidence, and other aspects of health and wellbeing of the child. These attitudes and behaviours of parents, health workers, policy makers, and other influencers have short- and long-term effects on the child. There is an International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. Is it time to have a code of marketing of breastfeeding substitutes?

RESPONSE BY NESTLE TO THE WHO CODE ON BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-707
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
General Public ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
International Code ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Who Code ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

The Nestle Group has prepared written instructions (dated February, 1982) for its employees on the implementation of the W.H.O. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. . . . The instructions appear in parallel with the relevant sections of the code, and the comparisons thus offered raise some doubts about the purity of Nestle's intentions. Article 2 of the international code, for instance, states that it covers all breast-milk substitutes, including complementary foods. Nestle has limited its applicability to infant formula alone, exempting its weaning cereals and canned milks, which are often marketed as early supplements to breast milk. Concerning the circulation of informational and educational material to pregnant women and mothers of young children, Nestle says: "Information intended for mothers. . . may bear corporate and product brand (packshot permitted)." Is this really within the terms of the code? Another requirement of the code disregarded by Nestle, is the inclusion in any such material of a warning of the health hazards of the improper use of infant formula. Article 5 of the W.H.O. code states that "There should be no advertising or other forms of promotion to the general public of products within the scope of this Code." Nestle has written: "Information relating to specific brands of infant formula must not be communicated directly to mothers or to the general public." Conceivably, such a statement could permit generic infant formula advertising in the mass media. Analysis of Nestle's guidelines discloses ways in which they might be used to circumvent various parts of the international code, such as the code's stipulations on free samples to health workers and free supplies to institutions.

Commercial foods for infants under the age of 36 months: an assessment of the availability and nutrient profile of ultra-processed foods

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Karini Freire da Rocha ◽  
Célia Regina Barbosa de Araújo ◽  
Inês Lança de Morais ◽  
Patrícia Padrão ◽  
Pedro Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT Objective: Considering the negative impact of the consumption of ultra-processed foods on health, this study assessed the availability and nutritional profile of commercial ultra-processed foods for infants in Natal, Brazil. Design: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Setting: Foods targeted at children under the age of 36 months sold in retail establishments located in high and low-income areas of the one capital city of Brazil. Participants: 1,645 food products consisting of 95 different types of food were available. The foods were assessed according to the NOVA classification: minimally processed, processed, and ultra-processed. The nutritional content per 100g was assessed according to processing classification. Results: Half of foods founded were breast milk substitutes and cereal foods (31.6% and 26.3%, respectively). The foods were predominantly ultra-processed (79%) and only 4.2% were minimally processed, with similar proportions of ultra-processed foods being found in both high and low-income areas. After excluding breast milk substitutes and follow-up formulas, all cereals, food supplements and some of the fruit or vegetable purees were ultra-processed, higher in energy density, fat, carbohydrate and protein, and low in fiber (P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings reveal that ultra-processed foods for infants are widely available in Brazil, reaffirming the need to strengthen the regulation of foods for infants and young children by introducing complementary measures designed to promote the production and marketing of foods manufactured using lower levels of processing.

scholarly journals Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Indonesia context

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Hidayana ◽  
Judhiastuty Februhartanty ◽  
Vida A Parady
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
International Code ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Breast Milk Substitute

AbstractObjectivesTo measure compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in Indonesia.DesignThe study was a cross-sectional survey using the Interagency Group on Breastfeeding Monitoring protocol.SettingPublic and private health facilities in six provinces on Java island in Indonesia.SubjectsA total of 874 women (382 pregnant women and 492 breast-feeding mothers of infants below 6 months) and seventy-seven health workers were recruited from eighteen participating health facilities. The study also analysed a total of forty-four labels of breast-milk substitute products, twenty-seven television commercials for growing-up milk (for children >12 months) of nine brands and thirty-four print advertisements of fourteen brands.ResultsThe study found that 20 % of the women had received advice and information on the use of breast-milk substitutes and 72 % had seen promotional materials for breast-milk substitutes. About 15 % reported receiving free samples and 16 % received gifts. Nearly a quarter of the health workers confirmed receiving visits from representatives of breast-milk substitute companies. Two health workers reported having received gifts from the companies. The most common labelling violations found were statements or visuals that discouraged breast-feeding and the absence of mention about the consideration of local climate in the expiration date.ConclusionsViolations of the Code by health workers, breast-milk substitute companies and their representatives were found in all provinces studied. A regular monitoring system should be in place to ensure improved compliance with and enforcement of the Code.

scholarly journals Media audit reveals inappropriate promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in South-East Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1333-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Hansen Vinje ◽  
Linh Thi Hong Phan ◽  
Tuan Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Lovise Omoijuanfo Ribe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
International Code ◽  
Editorial Content ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

AbstractObjectiveTo review regulations and to perform a media audit of promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in South-East Asia.DesignWe reviewed national regulations relating to the Code and 800 clips of editorial content, 387 advertisements and 217 Facebook posts from January 2015 to January 2016. We explored the ecological association between regulations and market size, and between the number of advertisements and market size and growth of milk formula.SettingCambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.ResultsRegulations on the child’s age for inappropriate marketing of products are all below the Code’s updated recommendation of 36 months (i.e. 12 months in Thailand and Indonesia; 24 months in the other three countries) and are voluntary in Thailand. Although the advertisements complied with the national regulations on the age limit, they had content (e.g. stages of milk formula; messages about the benefit; pictures of a child) that confused audiences. Market size and growth of milk formula were positively associated with the number of newborns and the number of advertisements, and were not affected by the current level of implementation of breast-milk substitute laws and regulations.ConclusionsThe present media audit reveals inappropriate promotion and insufficient national regulation of products under the scope of the Code in South-East Asia. Strengthened implementation of regulations aligned with the Code’s updated recommendation should be part of comprehensive strategies to minimize the harmful effects of advertisements of breast-milk substitutes on maternal and child nutrition and health.

scholarly journals How Knowledge about Stem Cells Influences Attitudes towards Breastfeeding: Case Study of Polish Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2382
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny ◽  
Dorota Majczyna
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Experience ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
University Degree

Maternal breastfeeding is associated with multiple health benefits, both for the child and the mother. Since breastfeeding rates are declining, finding new, future-oriented strategies to strengthen and support mothers’ positive attitudes towards breastfeeding need to be developed. In this paper, we describe how information about the presence of stem cells in breast milk can influence the willingness to breastfeed in the population of Polish pregnant women. A cross-sectional study involving a group of 150 pregnant women was conducted to assess the correlation between their knowledge about stem cells and their attitude towards breastfeeding. Among the respondents, only 6% claimed that they did not know anything about stem cells, but general knowledge about stem cells in the research group was poor. The survey results indicated that city residence, university degree, maternal experience and advanced pregnancy correlated with higher general knowledge regarding stem cells. Most respondents (77.3%) had no knowledge regarding the presence of stem cells in breast milk. Approximately two-thirds of mothers with earlier negative breastfeeding experience declared that information about the presence of stem cells in breast milk could have influenced the decision to continue and extend the time of breastfeeding. Hence highlighting the presence of stem cells in breast milk can be used to encourage breastfeeding as a unique activity.

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