scholarly journals Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2421
Author(s):  
Ivana Djuricic ◽  
Philip C. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Intervention Trials

Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose–response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Dietary Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Level and Sarcopenia. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Hongbin Guo ◽  
Jieyu Liang ◽  
Wenfeng Xiao ◽  
Yusheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Standard Mean Difference ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This study investigates the relationship between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) levels and sarcopenia.Methods: A comprehensive literature search in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase (up to July 2021) were conducted to identify the observational studies on the relationship between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs level and sarcopenia. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenia for the highest vs. lowest dietary omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs level and the standard mean difference (SMD) of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs levels for sarcopenia vs. control subjects were calculated.Results: A total of six studies were identified in this meta-analysis. The overall multi-variable adjusted OR showed that dietary omega-3 PUFAs level was inversely associated with sarcopenia (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.26–0.65; P = 0.0001). Moreover, the overall combined SMD showed that the dietary omega-3 PUFAs level in sarcopenia was lower than that in control subjects (SMD = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.32 to −0.07; P = 0.002). With regard to dietary omega-6 PUFAs level, the overall multi-variable adjusted OR suggested no significant relationship between dietary omega-6 PUFAs level and sarcopenia (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.33–1.24; P = 0.19). However, the overall combined SMD showed that the dietary omega-6 PUFAs level in sarcopenia was slightly lower than that in control subjects (SMD = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.27 to −0.02; P = 0.02).Conclusion: Our results suggested that the dietary omega-3 PUFAs level was inversely associated with sarcopenia. However, current evidence is still insufficient to demonstrate the definite relationship between dietary omega-6 PUFAs levels and sarcopenia. More well-designed prospective cohort studies with the dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs ratio are still needed.

scholarly journals Circulating and Dietary Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Incidence of CVD in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto ◽  
Jason H. Y. Wu ◽  
Ana Baylin ◽  
Dhananjay Vaidya ◽  
Stephen S. Rich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Omega 6

scholarly journals Associations of Erythrocyte Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Inflammation and Quality of Life in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity Completing a Pilot Dietary Intervention

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589
Author(s):  
Kylie M. Johnson ◽  
Kellie R. Weinhold ◽  
Rebecca Andridge ◽  
Kristen Arnold ◽  
Panchita P. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal

Study objectives were to determine if erythrocyte omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) increased in women participating in a dietary intervention that reduced inflammation and body weight and examine PUFA associations with markers of inflammation and quality of life (QOL). An experimental pre-post test, single group design was used. Fifteen post-menopausal women with obesity were enrolled in a 12-week pilot intervention focusing on lowering added sugars and increasing fiber and fish rich in n-3 PUFAs. Measurements included fasting blood samples, anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary data collected at baseline, end of intervention (Week 12) and follow-up (Week 24). Primary outcomes were change in erythrocyte PUFAs and associations between erythrocyte PUFAs, QOL (Short Form 12), and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α-receptor 2, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP)). Fourteen women completed all intervention visits. Mean erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) increased at Week 12 and Week 24 (p < 0.001 for both), while eicosapentaenoic acid increased at Week 24 (p < 0.01). After adjustment for percent weight change, week 12 QOL related to physical function was significantly associated with erythrocyte linoleic acid (p < 0.05) and trended toward significant association with EPA (p = 0.051); week 24 CRP was directly associated with erythrocyte AA (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs were not associated with inflammation.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Impact on Health and Disease Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Samina Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti ◽  
Rida Fatima Saeed ◽  
Asma Saleem Qazi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Health And Disease

Over the last decades, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been largely explored not only for their nutritional value but also for the numerous biological functions and therapeutic effects. The serum and erythrocyte levels of PUFAs depend on the genetic control of metabolism as well as the dietary intake and are considered to reflect the health and disease status of an individual. Two families of PUFAs, omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have gained much attention because of their involvement in the production of bioactive lipid mediators and therefore, a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial in maintaining the overall health of an individual. Omega-3 PUFAs, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been shown to exert beneficial effects, possibly due to their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and cardioprotective effects, whereas omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) exhibit the opposite properties. Even though, numerous epidemiological studies and clinical interventions have clearly established the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs in various pathological conditions including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, some controversies do exist about the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and need to be clarified. Larger clinical trials with extended follow-up periods are required along with a careful dose selection, in order to confirm the clinical significance and efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Balić ◽  
Domagoj Vlašić ◽  
Kristina Žužul ◽  
Branka Marinović ◽  
Zrinka Bukvić Mokos
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Inflammatory Skin

Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are nowadays desirable components of oils with special dietary and functional properties. Their therapeutic and health-promoting effects have already been established in various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms, including modifications in cell membrane lipid composition, gene expression, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction. The application of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs in most common skin diseases has been examined in numerous studies, but their results and conclusions were mostly opposing and inconclusive. It seems that combined ω-6, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and ω-3 long-chain PUFAs supplementation exhibits the highest potential in diminishing inflammatory processes, which could be beneficial for the management of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne. Due to significant population and individually-based genetic variations that impact PUFAs metabolism and associated metabolites, gene expression, and subsequent inflammatory responses, at this point, we could not recommend strict dietary and supplementation strategies for disease prevention and treatment that will be appropriate for all. Well-balanced nutrition and additional anti-inflammatory PUFA-based supplementation should be encouraged in a targeted manner for individuals in need to provide better management of skin diseases but, most importantly, to maintain and improve overall skin health.

scholarly journals Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 915-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias B Schulze ◽  
Anne Marie Minihane ◽  
Rasha Noureldin M Saleh ◽  
Ulf Risérus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Omega 6
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