scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of the Co-Occurrence of Overweight or Obesity and Micronutrient Deficiencies among Adults in the Philippines: Results from a National Representative Survey

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2339
Author(s):  
Aileen R. de Juras ◽  
Wan-Chen Hsu ◽  
Susan C. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Middle Income

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) affects many low- and middle-income countries. However, few studies have examined DBM at the individual level, or undernutrition and overnutrition co-occurring within the same person. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and determinants of DBM among adults in the Philippines. Data from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey were used. The sample size in the analysis was 17,010 adults aged ≥20 years old, after excluding pregnant and lactating women. DBM was defined as the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and anemia (definition #1), overweight/obesity and anemia or vitamin A deficiency (definition #2), and overweight/obesity and anemia or vitamin A deficiency or iodine insufficiency (definition #3). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers were used for DBM assessment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and logistic regression by R software. Results showed that definition #3 is the predominant type of DBM (7.0%) in the general population, whereas the prevalence of DBM has increased to 23.7% in overweight/obese persons. Sex, age, educational attainment, marital status, household size, wealth quintile, and smoking status were the determinants of DBM. This study revealed that Filipino adults experience malnutrition critically and must be addressed through food and nutrition interventions.

Genotype Effects on β-Carotene Conversion to Vitamin A: Implications on Reducing Vitamin A Deficiency in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110602
Author(s):  
Mark Pretzel P. Zumaraga ◽  
Jose Maria Reynaldo Apollo Arquiza ◽  
Mae Anne Concepcion ◽  
Leah Perlas ◽  
Ma. Neda Alcudia-Catalma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Genotype Frequencies

Background: The study aimed to identify two beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCMO1) mutations, namely R267S and A379V, and determine their association with vitamin A status among Filipinos 6 to 19 years old respondents of the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey living in the National Capital Region. Materials and Methods: This study followed cross-sectional design. Whole blood specimen was collected in the morning and was used as source of genomic DNA and serum for retinol concentration determination. Fisher exact test was performed to determine whether genotype frequencies were associated to retinol concentrations/vitamin A deficiency status. A level of P < .05 was identified as significant. Results: A total of 693 Filipino children and adolescents were included. Of the 693, there were at least 7.6% who bears the combined mutations for R267S + A379V. Association analysis showed that an inverse relationship exists between the A379V TT variant and vitamin A status. Although the exact role of these identified polymorphisms on retinol/carotenoid metabolism need to be confirmed in dedicated functional studies. Conclusion: This study has identified for the first time the presence of 2 nonsynonymous genetic variants/mutations in the coding region of BCMO1 gene. Interestingly, one of these two variants, the A379V T, was found to be associated with vitamin A status. It is, therefore, warranted to investigate the role of BCMO1 variants for the success of supplementation programs and fortification efforts among vulnerable populations in this region. Genetic variability should be considered for future provitamin A supplementation recommendations among children and adolescents in the Philippines.

scholarly journals Intraindividual double burden of overweight or obesity and micronutrient deficiencies or anemia among women of reproductive age in 17 population-based surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 468S-477S ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M Williams ◽  
Junjie Guo ◽  
O Yaw Addo ◽  
Sanober Ismaily ◽  
Sorrel M L Namaste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
High Income ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Background Rising prevalence of overweight/obesity (OWOB) alongside persistent micronutrient deficiencies suggests many women face concomitant OWOB and undernutrition. Objectives We aimed to 1) describe the prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) among nonpregnant women of reproductive age, defined as intraindividual OWOB and either ≥1 micronutrient deficiency [micronutrient deficiency index (MDI) &gt; 0; DBM-MDI] or anemia (DBM-anemia); 2) test whether the components of the DBM were independent; and 3) identify factors associated with DBM-MDI and DBM-anemia. Methods With data from 17 national surveys spanning low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia project (n = 419 to n = 9029), we tested independence of over- and undernutrition using the Rao–Scott chi-square test and examined predictors of the DBM and its components using logistic regression for each survey. Results Median DBM-MDI was 21.9% (range: 1.6%–39.2%); median DBM-anemia was 8.6% (range: 1.0%–18.6%). OWOB and micronutrient deficiencies or anemia were independent in most surveys. Where associations existed, OWOB was negatively associated with micronutrient deficiencies and anemia in LMICs. In 1 high-income country, OWOB women were more likely to experience micronutrient deficiencies and anemia. Age was consistently positively associated with OWOB and the DBM, whereas the associations with other sociodemographic characteristics varied. Higher socioeconomic status tended to be positively associated with OWOB and the DBM in LMICs, whereas in higher-income countries the association was reversed. Conclusions The independence of OWOB and micronutrient deficiencies or anemia within individuals suggests that these forms of over- and undernutrition may have unique etiologies. Decision-makers should still consider the prevalence, consequences, and etiology of the individual components of the DBM as programs move towards double-duty interventions aimed at addressing OWOB and undernutrition simultaneously.

scholarly journals Public Health Aspects in the Prevention and Control of Vitamin Deficiencies

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Darnton-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Vitamin deficiencies remain major etiological factors in the global burden of disease, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review was to update current information on deficiencies of vitamins and public health approaches to addressing them. Some stages of life present a higher risk of deficiency than others: risks are higher in pregnant women, children (from conception to young childhood), adolescents, the elderly, and all of the over 800 million people globally who are undernourished. At risk are approximately 125 million preschool children with vitamin A deficiency, as well as sub-populations at risk of deficiencies of folate, thiamin, vitamin B12, niacin, riboflavin, other B vitamins. and vitamin D. Addressing micronutrient deficiencies requires identifying those at risk and then working to prevent and manage that risk. Public health approaches include improved, diversified diets; supplementation; fortification and biofortification; and other supportive public health measures. Historically, as with pellagra and beriberi and, in the last 3 decades, with vitamin A and folic acid, there has been encouraging progress, but much remains to be done.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Deficiencies and Anemia in Children in Mexico: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 647-647
Author(s):  
Cristina Guitron Leal ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan RIvera-Dommarco ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Vanessa De la Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
National Health ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, and associations between micronutrient status and anemia in children (1–11 y) in Mexico. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to determine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A) in a nationally-representative sample of 4,891 children 1 to 11 years of age (1 to &lt; 5 y: 1,337; 5–11 y: 3,554). Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured via HemoCue and venous blood samples were collected, processed, and stored at &lt; -80°C until analysis. Serum ferritin (SF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured via immunoassays. Serum retinol was measured via HPLC. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; anemia (&lt; 5 y: Hb &lt; 11.0 g/dL; 5–11 y: &lt; 11.5 g/dL) and iron deficiency (ID; &lt; 5 y: &lt; 12.0 μg/L; 5–11 y: &lt; 15.0 μg/L) were defined using age-specific cut-offs. Iron insufficiency was defined as SF &lt; 20.0 μg/L, and inflammation as CRP &gt; 5.0 mg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as &lt; 148 and &lt; 221 pmol/L, and vitamin A deficiency was defined as retinol &lt; 20 μg/dL. Survey linear and logistic regression were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with hemoglobin concentrations and odds of anemia. Results Serum ferritin concentrations (β [SE]: 0.0003, p &lt; 0.001) and serum retinol levels (0.0005, p &lt; 0.001) were associated with higher hemoglobin levels, while iron deficiency (–0.57 [0.03], p &lt; 0.001), iron insufficiency (–0.54 [0.02]; p &lt; 0.001), and vitamin A deficiency (–0.53 [0.01], p &lt; 0.0001) were associated with lower hemoglobin levels. In analyses of anemia, the odds of anemia were 11% lower per 10 μg/L increase in serum ferritin (OR [95% CI]: 0.89 [0.84–0.93], p &lt; 0.001) and 34% lower per 10 μg/dL increase in serum retinol (OR: 0.66 [0.57–0.77], p &lt; 0.001), while iron deficiency (OR: 2.22 [1.49–3.29], p &lt; 0.001) and iron insufficiency (OR: 1.74 [1.32–2.30]; p = 0.0001) were associated with higher odds of anemia. Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are high in children in Mexico, and lower iron and vitamin A status were associated with increased odds of anemia. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Golden Rice, VAD, Covid and Public Health: Saving Lives and Money

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. Dubock ◽  
Justus Wesseler ◽  
Robert M. Russell ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Golden Rice ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Community Health Programs

On July 21, 2021, Golden Rice was registered in the Philippines allowing cultivation and consumption. Research, as an intervention to combat vitamin A deficiency (VAD), started in 1991, and proof of concept for what was to become Golden Rice, was achieved in 1999. In the 1990s, 23–34% deaths globally of children less than 5 years old were caused by VAD, and in developing countries, the percentage was even higher. By 2013, progress against the Millennium Development Goals had reduced <5-y child deaths globally from VAD to about 2% of all such deaths. The progress included significant vaccination programs against measles, and better access to clean water, as well as vitamin A supplementation, all delivered through community health programs. Economic development and education about diet reduced food insecurity. In contrast to continuing VAD deaths, the Covid-19 pandemic has attracted huge political attention, including in low- and middle-income countries. Community health programs have been adversely affected by the pandemic. There is a danger that as a result VAD rates, child and maternal mortality climbs again toward 1990’s levels. Adoption of Golden Rice provides a safe, culturally simple amelioration and is costless. Other countries should seize the opportunity. Bangladesh is first in line, possibly followed by Indonesia and India.

Review of the Micronutrient Situation in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Arsenault ◽  
Deanna K. Olney
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Context Specific

Background: Rwanda’s commitment to reducing malnutrition is evident in their multisectoral nutrition policy and wide array of nutrition partners. However, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and the suitability of current strategies to address existing deficiencies is unclear. Objective: To review the available evidence related to the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies across the life cycle and strategies in place to address them. Methods: We reviewed scientific and grey literature on nutritional problems in Rwanda, emphasizing micronutrient deficiencies and anemia, and current strategies to address micronutrient malnutrition. Results: Overall, there is scant evidence related to the types and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among populations across the life cycle in Rwanda. Existing evidence is primarily limited to outdated or small regional surveys focusing on iron or vitamin A among women and young children. Surveys have assessed the prevalence of anemia and indicate that anemia is very high among young children and moderately high among other age-groups. However, there are limited data on the context-specific causes of anemia in Rwanda across population groups. Current nutrition strategies mainly target women and young children and are primarily designed to reduce vitamin A deficiency and/or anemia caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Conclusions: Rwanda has many nutrition programs in place that address micronutrient deficiencies in young children and a few for women of reproductive age. However, gaps exist in knowledge of the extent of different types of micronutrient deficiencies among all populations across the life cycle and whether the delivery of nutrients through current programs is meeting actual needs.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin A on severity of acute diarrhea in children

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Marlisye Marpaung ◽  
Supriatmo Supriatmo ◽  
Atan Baas Sinuhaji
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Stool Consistency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Stool Volume ◽  
Group 1

Background Vitamin A deficiency may increase the risk or bea cause of diarrhea. Many studies have been conducted on theefficacy of vitamin A in the management of acute diarrhea, butthe outcomes remain inconclusive.Objective To determine the effectiveness of vitamin A in reducingthe severity of acute diarrhea in children.Methods We performed a single􀁈blind􀁈randomized controlledtrial in the Secanggang District, Langkat Regency, North ofSumatera, from August 2009 to January 2010 in children aged6 months to 5 years, who had diarrheas. Subjects were dividedinto two groups. Group 1 received a single dose of vitamin A(100,000 IU for subjects aged 6 to 11 month old or with bodyweights :s 10 kg, or 200,000 IU for subjects aged 2: 12 month oldor with body weights> 10 kg). Group 2 received a single doseof placebo. The establishment of severity was based on changesin diarrheal frequency, stool consistency, volume and durationof diarrhea after treatment. We performed independent T􀁈testand Chi square tests for statistical analyses. The study was anintention􀁈to􀁈treat analysis.Results We enrolled 120 children who were randomized intotwo groups of 60 subjects each. Group 1, received vitamin Aand group 2 received a placebo. The results showed significantdifferences between the two groups in stool volume starting onthe first day (95%CI 192.30 to 3237.51; P􀁉O.OOI), as well asdiarrheal frequency (P=O.OOl) and stool consistency (P=O.OOl)on the second day observation and duration of diarrhea followingtreatment (95%CI - 40.60 to - 25.79; P􀁉O.OOI;).Conclusions Vitamin A supplementation is effective in reducingthe severity of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age.[Paediatr lndones. 2013;53:125-31.]

Control of vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines Planning, implementation, and evaluation of a fortification program ,

1979 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
FLORENTINO S. SOLON ◽  
THOMAS L. FERNANDEZ ◽  
MICHAEL C. LATHAM ◽  
BARRY M. POPKIN
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Planning Implementation
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