scholarly journals Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2229
Author(s):  
Nur Fatini Zakaria ◽  
Muhajir Hamid ◽  
Mohd Ezuan Khayat
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Bodily Function ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.

scholarly journals G protein-coupled receptor 119 agonist DS-8500a effects on pancreatic β-cells in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Watada ◽  
Masanari Shiramoto ◽  
Shin Irie ◽  
Yasuo Terauchi ◽  
Yuichiro Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
G Protein ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Elimination of infused branched-chain amino-acids from plasma of patients with non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Marchesini ◽  
G.P. Bianchi ◽  
H. Vilstrup ◽  
M. Capelli ◽  
M. Zoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals The impact of persistent milk consumption in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Bodo Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Branched Chain

Background: Milk and sugar are excessively consumed in a Western diet. There is increasing epidemiological evidence that the intake of unfermented pasteurized cow´s milk is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It is the intention of this review to provide translational biochemical evidence for milk´s diabetogenic mode of action. Milk proteins provide the highest amounts of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and thus contribute to total BCAA intake, which enhances BCAA plasma levels associated with increased risk of T2D. The consumption of pasteurized milk raises plasma levels of miRNA-29b, which is a diabetogenic miRNA promoting insulin resistance (IR). miRNA29b inhibits the activity of branched-chain-keta acid dehydrogenase, the rate limiting enzyme of BCAA catabolism, which is impaired in patients with IR and T2D. Milk consumption stimulates mTORC1 activity and increases insulin synthesis. -cell mTORC1 is overactivated in T2D patients resulting in impaired autophagy which enhances endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated with a greater risk of early -cell apoptosis, the pathogenic hallmark of T2D. Chronic insulinotropic action of milk-derived BCAAs, IR-promoting mTORC1 overactivity, and miRNA-29b signaling combined with excessive glucose-mediated insulin secretion overburden -cell insulin homeostasis. Epidemiological and translational evidence identifies continued milk intake as a promoter of T2D, the most common metabolic disease of Western civilization. Keywords: Branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain-keto acid dehydrogenase, diabetes mellitus type 2, insulin resistance, milk, miRNA-29b, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1.

Postprandial Levels of Branched-chain and Aromatic Amino Acids Associate With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
BeiBei GAO ◽  
Qiong SHEN ◽  
Ying WU ◽  
MengDie CAO ◽  
QiWu ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract AimsSerum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) are associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We want to investigate the levels of these amino acids in women with GDM and subsequently examine their changes in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods43 GDMs and 67 non-GDMs during their second trimester were recruited in this study. A 75-g OGTT was administered, and fasting, 1-h, and 2-h blood samples were obtained. Serum BCAA and AAA levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsThe differences of BCAAs and AAAs between women with GDM and controls during their second trimester were not evident during fasting, while became significant after a 75-g glucose load. Glucose ingestion decreased the levels of BCAAs and AAAs in both groups. Notably, GDMs showed a delayed and blunted decrease of these amino acids compared to non-GDMs. The risks of 2-h change of BCAAs and AAAs for GDM were significant.ConclusionsWe identified that the differences of BCAAs and AAAs between women with GDM and controls during their second trimester, which were not evident during fasting, could be provoked by performing OGTT.

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