scholarly journals Zinc and the Innovative Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Adipokine Play an Important Role in Lipid Metabolism: A Critical Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023
Author(s):  
Michalina Banaszak ◽  
Ilona Górna ◽  
Juliusz Przysławski
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Numerous studies indicate that zinc and the new zinc-related adipokine, zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), are involved in lipid metabolism. Excess body fat lowers blood concentrations of Zn and ZAG, leading not only to the development of obesity but also to other components of the metabolic syndrome. Zinc homeostasis disorders in the body negatively affect the lipid profile and cytokine secretion. Zinc appears to be a very important ZAG homeostasis regulator. The physiological effects of ZAG are related to lipid metabolism, but studies show that ZAG also affects glucose metabolism and is linked to insulin resistance. ZAG has a zinc binding site in its structure, which may indicate that ZAG mediates the effect of zinc on lipid metabolism. The review aimed to verify the available studies on the effects of zinc and ZAG on lipid metabolism. A literature review within the scope of this research area was conducted using articles available in PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. An analysis of available studies has shown that zinc improves hepatic lipid metabolism and has an impact on the lipid profile. Numerous studies have found that zinc supplementation in overweight individuals significantly reduced blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)cholesterol and triglycerides, potentially reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Some results also indicate that it increases HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. ZAG has been shown to play a significant role in reducing obesity and improving insulin sensitivity, both in experimental animal model studies and in human studies. Furthermore, ZAG at physiologically relevant concentrations increases the release of adiponectin from human adipocytes. In addition, ZAG has been shown to inhibit in vitro leptin production. Further studies are needed to provide more data on the role of zinc and zinc-α2-glycoprotein.

scholarly journals Obstructive sleep apnea and lipid abnormalities

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Karkinski ◽  
Oliver Georgievski ◽  
Pavlina Dzekova-Vidimliski ◽  
Tatajana Milenkovic ◽  
Dejan Dokic
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities

BACKGROUND: There has been a great interest in the interaction between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic dysfunction, but there is no consistent data suggesting that OSA is a risk factor for dyslipidemia.AIM: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of lipid abnormalities in patients suspected of OSA, referred to our sleep laboratory for polysomnography.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred patients referred to our hospital with suspected OSA, and all of them underwent for standard polysomnography. All patients with respiratory disturbance index (RDI) above 15 were diagnosed with OSA. In the morning after 12 hours fasting, the blood sample was collected from all patients. Blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), were determined in all study patients. In the study, both OSA positive and OSA negative patients were divided according to the body mass index (BMI) in two groups. The first group with BMI ≤ 30 kg/m^2 and the second group with BMI > 30 kg/m^2.RESULTS: OSA positive patients with BMI ≤ 30 kg/m^2 had statistically significant higher levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and statistically significant lower level of HDL compared to OSA negative patients with BMI ≤ 30. There were no statistically significant differences in age and LDL levels between these groups. OSA positive patients with BMI > 30 kg/m^2 had higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL and lower levels of HDL versus OSA negative patients with BMI > 30 kg/m^2, but without statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION:OSA and obesity are potent risk factors for dyslipidemias. OSA could play a significant role in worsening of lipid metabolism in non-obese patients. But in obese patients, the extra weight makes the metabolic changes of lipid metabolism, and the role of OSA is not that very important like in non-obese patients. 

scholarly journals Effect of Palm Oil, Palm Olein, Palm Kernel Oil and Their Blends on the Lipid Profile of Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425
Author(s):  
O.B. Imoisi ◽  
V.O. Ezoguan ◽  
M.I. Imafidon
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Edible oils play an important role in the body as carriers of essential fatty acids, this essential fatty acids are not produced in the body but gotten from diet we consume. This study examined the effect of palm oil, palm olein, palm kernel oil and their blends (PKO: POL and POL: PKO) on the lipid profile of Albino rats. The aim was to investigate the nutritional and health effects of these oils. Serum was used in the biochemical analysis of lipid profile using Randox Laboratories (England) kit. High density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed diets containing unheated and unblended PKO was lower than the recommended range and palm olein and their blends were all higher than the recommended range of 40-59mg/dL. Palm kernel oil fortified diet significantly increased triglyceride levels while; total cholesterol levels were considered to be acceptable except for palm kernel oil and its blends. Palm kernel oil and higher blend of palm kernel oil increased significantly very low density lipoprotein cholesterol above the recommended limit of 2-30mg/dl. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol values in this study were far below the recommended limit for PKO and higher blends of PKO. In conclusion palm oil helps to lower total cholesterol concentration by stimulating the synthesis of protective HDL-C. Palm kernel oil increases total triglyceride and total cholesterol levels.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Probiotics, Metformin and Their Combination Therapy in Ameliorating Dyslipidemia Associated With PCOS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Urooj Zafar ◽  
Jahan Ara Hassan ◽  
Kauser Ismail ◽  
Shanza Agha ◽  
Zahida Memon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder affecting women of the child-bearing age. Alteration in lipid profile is one of the troublesome features faced by PCOS patients that need to be treated. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Probiotics, Metformin and their Combination therapy on lipid profile in women suffering from PCOS. Study Design: Single-Centered Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Gynecological clinic of Karachi at Tertiary care Hospital from December 2018 to May 2019. Patients and Methods: Total 78 PCOS patients of age between 18 to 40 years were involved in this trial rendering to Rotterdam criteria. After taking written and informed consent they were randomly allocated to three groups and were received: Metformin 500 mg B.D (n = 26), Probiotic Capsule 180 mg B.D (n = 26) and Combination of Metformin 500 mg B.D / Probiotic Capsule 180 mg B.D for 12-weeks. Lipid profile was measured at baseline and after 12-weeks of intervention along with the body weight. In the end, pre versus post therapy and comparison of different group’s results were analyzed. Results: Metformin and Met/Pro Combination groups resulted in a significant reduction in Total Cholesterol (TC) as compared to Probiotic group. Fall in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were noteworthy after Probiotics and Met/Pro treatment. Serum TG concentrations were significantly reduced in all the groups. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were slightly elevated after Probiotics treatment, which was not statistically significant but Metformin and Met/Pro group increases it to the significant value. No substantial change was found in the Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol VLDL-C levels in any of the three groups. Conclusion: Overall, Probiotics treatment in PCOS women for 12 weeks exhibited noteworthy changes in TG, and LDL-C levels. Metformin markedly improve Cholesterol, TG and HDL-C. However, Met/Pro improved all the lipid changes to the significant value except for VLDL-C.

scholarly journals Biphasic Regulation of Lipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Icodextrin in Peritoneal Dialysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Feng Huang ◽  
Da-Jian Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Wu Chen ◽  
Man-Zhao Ouyang ◽  
Wei-Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. The objective of this systematic meta-analysis was to study the impact of icodextrin (ICO) on lipid profiles.Methods. MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature, and the Cochrane Library and Reference lists were searched (last search September 2014) in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.Results. Searches identified 13 eligible trials with a total of 850 patients. The differentials of total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acid (FFA) in the ICO group were greater than those in the GLU group. Metaregression analysis showed that TC levels positively correlated with its baseline levels. In the subgroup of patients with dialysis duration more than 6 months, TC and TG in the ICO group were less. In pooled data from cross-sectional studies, differential of TG in the ICO group was less. In the subgroup of patients with diabetes (Martikainen et al., 2005, Sniderman et al., 2014, and Takatori et al., 2011), differential of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the ICO group was less. There was no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), or lipoprotein(a).Conclusions. ICO may be beneficial to lipid metabolism, especially for its biphasic regulation of plasma TC levels.

scholarly journals A study on understanding the blood lipid profile of the hemodialysis patients in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3155-3158
Author(s):  
Shaymaa Rabeea Madhkhoor ◽  
Jameel K. Alumeri
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Cholesterol Oxidase ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Blood Lipid Profile

One of the most frequently worldwide recorded health conditions, is a chronic renal failure (CRF), especially in elderly individuals induced due to renal damage. Kidney damage and therefore, dialysis have several detrimental effects on the body organs and their functions. According to those effects, this study was conducted to recognize the blood lipid profile of the hemodialysis patients in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Such determination gives assurance for overall functions of the body organs in order to place proper medical management of those levels if disturbed. From Al-Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital, Diwaniyah City, Iraq, 68 (50, 33 males and 17 females, hemodialysis CRF (H-CRF) patients and 18, 11 males and 7 females, healthy individuals) samples of blood were collected. For revealing the levels of serum blood lipids of the participants, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were tested using a cholesterol oxidase method for TC and HDL-C, a glycerol kinase method for TG, and the Friedewald formula for LDL-C. The results unveiled significant (p˂0.01) higher TG levels in H-CRF patients than those in healthy individuals. In addition, HDL-C revealed significant (p˂0.01) lower levels in the H-CRF patients than those in healthy people. No significant (p˃0.01) data were observed from the TC and the LDL-C levels in both groups. This work demonstrates the level changes of the TGs and the HDL-C in the serum of the hemodialysis patients which need proper medical intervention for the correction of those levels.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials Testing the Effects of Proanthocyanidins Supplementation on Lipid Profile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Ren ◽  
Yiting Sun ◽  
Jiaqi An ◽  
Fengge Chen ◽  
Bowen Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Background: The studies that assessed proanthocyanidins (PCs) supplementation on lipid profile revealed contradictory results. The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of PCs supplementation on lipid profile.Methods: Six databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar) were searched to identify for published relevant studies up to June 9, 2021. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and the corresponding standard deviations (SD) of the total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were calculated to estimate the pooled effect. Results: A total of 1411 articles were identified through database searching, of which, seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis suggested that PCs supplementation effectively affected the level of HDL-C (WMD: 2.716, 95% CI: 0.269, 5.163, p = 0.030), but had no significant effect on TC (WMD: -0.201, 95% CI: -6.443, 6.041, p=0.950), LDL-C (WMD: -3.000, 95% CI: -8.254, 2.254, p = 0.263), and TG (WMD: -8.874, 95% CI: -21.009, 3.260, p =0.152). In the subgroup analyses, a significant enhance in HDL-C in people with a shorter intervention duration (duration < 12 weeks) or people with a higher BMI (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2). Conclusion: The present systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that PCs supplementation had no effects on TC, LDL-C or TG, whereas it may contribute to a change on HDL-C. Additional high-quality studies are needed to confirm this result.

scholarly journals Effect ofα-Lipoic Acid on Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High-Fructose Diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Thirunavukkarasu ◽  
A. T. Anitha Nandhini ◽  
C. V. Anuradha
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
High Fructose

This study investigated the effect of administration ofα-lipoic acid (LA) on lipid metabolism in high fructose–fed insulin-resistant rats. High-fructose feeding (60 g/100 g diet) to normal rats resulted in a significant increase in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and phospholipids in plasma, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle. Reduced activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and increased activity of the lipogenic enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase were observed in plasma and liver. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lowered and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly elevated. Treatment with LA (35 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal) reduced the effects of fructose. The rats showed near-normal levels of lipid components on plasma and tissues. Activities of key enzymes of lipid metabolism were also restored to normal values. Cholesterol distribution in the plasma lipoproteins was normalized, resulting in a favorable lipid profile. This study demonstrates that LA can alter lipid metabolism in fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats and may have implications in the treatment of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals T6. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE USE OF AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG AND CHANGES IN LIPID PROFILE: A META-ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S232-S233
Author(s):  
Beverley Brierley ◽  
Maarten Bak ◽  
Marjan Drukker ◽  
Maarten Bak
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Antipsychotic Drug ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lipid Parameters

Abstract Background Despite their efficacy, antipsychotic drugs appear to be associated with metabolic side effects such as impaired lipid metabolism and an increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome. The association between individual antipsychotics with a stratification for different durations of exposure and mean changes in the complete lipid profile has not yet been the focus of a meta-analysis. Aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the association between changes in lipid parameters in adults using an antipsychotic drug, irrespective of diagnostic indication. Methods This meta-analysis follows the PRISMA guidelines and a protocol has been published in PROSPERO. A systematic search was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and PsycINFO. Eligible RCTs were identified and no restriction was made regarding diagnosis or publication date. Statistical analysis was based on a random effects model from which forest plots were generated. Effect sizes were reported as the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results were presented stratified by four exposure categories, namely &lt; 6 weeks, 6–16 weeks, 16–38 weeks, and ≥ 38 weeks. Outcome measures include mean change from baseline in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglyceride levels. Results The search strategy identified 1144 citations. Of these, 746 abstracts were excluded as being off-topic. A total of 398 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 135 RCT’s fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Preliminary results show an overall significant association between olanzapine and mildly elevated triglyceride levels (SMD 0.40, 95% CI 0.02–0.77), risperidone and elevated LDL levels (SMD 0.07, 95% CI 0.01–0.13) and clozapine with elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels (SMD 0.59 95% CI 0.26-0.02 and SMD 0.44 95% CI 0.35–0.53, respectively). Final results stratified by exposure category will be presented at the SIRS congress. Discussion The preliminary findings of this meta-analysis build upon previous literature and do confirm an association between the use of an antipsychotic drug and changes in lipid parameters. However, changes in the different lipid parameters do not seem to be consistent for each antipsychotic. Tentatively, we may suggest that the duration of exposure to an antipsychotic drug is correlated to the extent of lipid abnormalities. It should be noted that the majority of included studies had a short study duration (&lt; 6 weeks). Monitoring over short periods might give misleading results. Furthermore, literature suggests that the role of lipids should not be seen independently, and interplay exists between lipid metabolism and changes in weight. For example, previous studies suggest that there is a positive association between increases in triglyceride levels and increases in weight, and that once weight has stabilised, triglyceride levels decrease. Further analysis should focus on including longer-term studies in which changes in body weight in relation to changes in lipids should be taken into account. We expect the findings of this study to be of clinical relevance in the management and monitoring of antipsychotic treatment. The knowledge of whether duration of exposure is associated with different lipid changes could provide interesting results benefiting individualised choices, appropriate prevention and early management.

scholarly journals Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
Mihnea-Alexandru Găman ◽  
Elena-Codruța Dobrică ◽  
Matei-Alexandru Cozma ◽  
Ninel-Iacobus Antonie ◽  
Ana Maria Alexandra Stănescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
Lipid Lowering Agents ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities ◽  
The Impact

Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Ginger, Cinnamon, Turmeric, Curcumin, and Curcuminoids for Dyslipidemia Associated With Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 316-316
Author(s):  
Vivian Haley-Zitlin ◽  
Sepideh Alasvand ◽  
William Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Manual Search

Abstract Objectives This systematic review explores ginger, cinnamon, turmeric, curcumin, and curcuminoids efficiency in improving the serum lipid profile of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reported without restriction in language, that evaluated the effectiveness of ginger, cinnamon, turmeric, curcumin and curcuminoids on lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG)) in individuals with T2DM were investigated through January 2021. PubMed, FSTA, Web of Science, CINAHEL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using relevant keywords. The following information was extracted: first author's name, publication year, geographical location of study, study design, sample size, age and gender of participants from intervention and controls groups, intervention duration, time of the intervention, dose of spices, and type of intervention or control. Results One thousand-thirty relevant articles were identified after searching the electronic databases followed by a manual search. After removing all duplicate articles, screening the title and abstract, and scrutinizing the full text based on the inclusion criteria, 28 studies remained with a sample size of 1049 eligible patients in the control arm and 1035 patients in the intervention arm. Spice supplements were provided in capsule form: ginger, 8; curcumin,3; turmeric, 3; cinnamon, 11; curcuminoids, 3. Trial duration was one to three months. Conclusions In general, ginger, cinnamon, turmeric, curcumin, and curcuminoids were associated with an improved lipid profile in the presence of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, these spices may be a potential source for modern dyslipidemia treatments in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Funding Sources N/A.

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