scholarly journals Nutritional Iodine Status in Pregnant Women from Health Area IV in Asturias (Spain): Iodised Salt Is Enough

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1816
Author(s):  
Silvia González-Martínez ◽  
María Riestra-Fernández ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Morillo ◽  
Noelia Avello-Llano ◽  
Elías Delgado-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Health Area

Background: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may have adverse effects on the neurodevelopment of the foetus. Recent studies of pregnant women in Asturias (Spain) indicate that nutritional iodine levels are sufficient. The objective of this study was to confirm the appropriate nutritional iodine status and to analyse the influence of the ingestion of iodine on maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid function. Methods: An observational study was carried out between May and June 2017 on women in the first trimester of pregnancy from Health Area IV in Asturias. The women completed a questionnaire related to their consumption of iodine and samples were taken to analyse UIC and thyroid function. Results: Three hundred and eighteen pregnant women were involved. Of these, 51.10% used iodised salt, 48.90% consumed ≥ 2 servings of dairy products daily and 87.08% took iodine supplements. The median UIC was 171.5 μg/L (116–265 μg/L) and 60.41% of women had UIC ≥ 150 μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that iodised salt had a protective effect on UIC < 150 μg/L (odds ratio (OR) 0.404 (0.237–0.683), p = 0.001), but not iodine supplements (OR 0.512 (0.240–1.085), p = 0.080). The average level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was 2.26 ± 0.94 mIU/L; 68.40% of pregnant women taking iodine supplements had TSH < 2.5 mIU/L compared to 30.00% of those who were not taking supplements (p = 0.031). Conclusions: The pregnant women in our health area are maintaining appropriate nutritional iodine levels. The consumption of iodised salt protects against iodine deficiency; thus, iodine supplements should be taken on an individualised basis.

scholarly journals High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Carneiro Borges Mioto ◽  
Ana Carolina de Castro Nassif Gomes Monteiro ◽  
Rosalinda Yossie Asato de Camargo ◽  
Andréia Rodrigues Borel ◽  
Regina Maria Catarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Objectives Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with obstetric and neonatal adverse outcomes. Serum thyroglobulin (sTg) and thyroid volume (TV) are optional tools to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for defining iodine status. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area by spot UIC and correlation with sTg, TV and thyroid function. Methods Two hundred and seventy-three pregnant women were evaluated at three trimesters. All had no previous thyroid disease, no iodine supplementation and negative thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid function and sTg were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. TV was determined by ultrasonography; UIC was determined using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff method. Results Median UIC was 146 µg/L, being 52% iodine deficient and only 4% excessive. TSH values were 1.50 ± 0.92, 1.50 ± 0.92 and 1.91 ± 0.96 mIU/L, respectively, in each trimester (P = 0.001). sTg did not change significantly during trimesters with median 11.2 ng/mL and only 3.3% had above 40 ng/mL. Mean TV was 9.3 ± 3.4 mL, which positively correlated with body mass index, but not with sTg. Only 4.5% presented with goitre. When pregnant women were categorized as iodine deficient (UIC < 150 µg/L), adequate (≥150 and <250 µg/L) and excessive (≥250 µg/L), sTg, thyroid hormones and TV at each trimester showed no statistical differences. Conclusions Iodine deficiency was detected frequently in pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area. sTg concentration and TV did not correlate to UIC. Our observation also demonstrated that the Brazilian salt-iodization programme prevents deficiency, but does not maintain iodine status within adequate and recommended ranges for pregnant women.

Trimester-Specific Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women with Different Iodine Statuses

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Wenxing Guo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ya Jin ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine

Objectives: To explore trimester-specific thyroid function changes under different iodine statuses throughout pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the pregnancy iodine status, and 2,378 healthy pregnant women covering all 3 trimesters were recruited. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by collecting spot urine samples. Blood samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function. Thyroid B-ultrasonography was conducted to measure the thyroid volume (Tvol). Results: The median UIC was 168 μg/L (111–263 μg/L). The UIC, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were significantly decreased as the pregnancy progressed (p < 0.001, p for trend <0.001), while Tvol increased (p < 0.001, p for trend <0.001). Thyrotropin (TSH) was significantly different between the 3 trimesters and showed an upward trend (p < 0.001), but the p for trend was not significant (p for trend = 0.88). After stratification by UIC, there were no significant differences in serum TSH, FT4, or FT3 level between UIC groups. Tvol was significantly higher in the UIC ≥500 μg/L group in the first trimester (β: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.09–3.72, p <0.001), as well as in the 250 ≤ UIC < 500 μg/L group (β: 1.65, 95% CI: 0.61–2.70, p < 0.001) and UIC ≥500 μg/L group (β: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.96–4.74, p < 0.001) in the third trimester. Conclusions: No difference was observed in TSH, FT3, or FT4 among the different iodine status groups throughout pregnancy. Tvol increased as the pregnancy progressed, and it was especially higher in the UIC ≥500 μg/L group in the first and third trimesters.

Relationship of household cooking salt and eating out on iodine status of pregnant women in environmental iodine-deficient coastal areas of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 971-978
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Wei Jin ◽  
Zhenni Zhu ◽  
Xueying Cui ◽  
Qi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Home Cooking ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractAs city residents eat out more frequently, it is unknown that if iodised salt is still required in home cooking. We analysed the relationship of household salt and eating out on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women. A household condiment weighing method was implemented to collect salt data for a week. A household salt sample was collected. A urine sample was taken at the end of the week. Totally, 4640 participants were investigated. The median UIC was 139·1 μg/l in pregnant women and 148·7, 140·0 and 122·9 μg/l in the first, second and third trimesters. Median UIC in the third trimester was lower than in the other trimesters (P < 0·001). The usage rates of iodised (an iodine content ≥ 5·0 mg/kg) and qualified-iodised (an iodine content ≥ 21·0 mg/kg) salt were 73·9 and 59·3 %. The median UIC in the qualified-iodised salt group was higher than in the non-iodised group (P = 0·037). The median UIC in the non-iodised group who did not eat out was lower than in qualified-salt groups who both did and did not eat out (P = 0·007, <0·001). The proportion of qualified-iodised salt used in home cooking is low, but foods eaten out have universal salt iodisation according to the national compulsory policy. Household iodised salt did not play a decisive role in the iodine status of pregnant women. Pregnant women in their third trimester who are not eating out and using non-iodised salt at home require extra iodine.

scholarly journals Moderate Iodine Deficiency Is Common in Pregnancy but Does Not Alter Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Schiller ◽  
Arnon Agmon ◽  
Viviana Ostrovsky ◽  
Gabi Shefer ◽  
Hilla Knobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionAn Israeli national survey found that 85% of pregnant women had urinary iodine content (UIC) levels below the adequacy range (&lt;150 µg/L). Widespread desalinated water usage and no national fortification plan are possible causes. Studies assessing relationships between iodine status and maternal and neonatal thyroid function provided varying results. Our aims were to determine whether iodine deficiency was associated with altered maternal or neonatal thyroid function and the factors leading to iodine deficiency.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 100 healthy women without prior thyroid disease, in their first trimester of a singleton pregnancy were recruited from an HMO clinic in central Israel. The women were followed from their first trimester. All women completed a 24-h dietary recall and life habits questionnaires. We tested for UIC, maternal and neonatal thyroid function, maternal autoantibodies, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsMedian UIC in our cohort was 49 µg/L [25%–75% interquartile range (IQR) 16-91.5 µg/L], with 84% below adequacy range. No correlation was found between iodine deficiency and maternal or neonatal thyroid function which remained within normal ranges. Antibody status did not differ, but thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher in iodine insufficient subjects. UIC was higher in women consuming an iodine containing supplement. There was no association between UIC and dietary iodine content or water source.ConclusionsModerate iodine deficiency is common in our healthy pregnant women population. Our data imply that moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy seem sufficient to maintain normal maternal and neonatal thyroid function.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Association of Iodine-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours with Urinary Iodine Excretion in Pregnant Women with Mild Iodine Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Yiwen Wu ◽  
Zehuan Shi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Guoquan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background: China’s universal salt-iodization program has all but eliminated iodine deficiency disorders. Concern has shifted to mild iodine deficiency. Our study examined factors with the potential to predict mild iodine deficiency in pregnant women. Methods: A total of 2 400 pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, stratified, random-sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, a standardized questionnaire, an iodine-related knowledge questionnaire, urine samples, and household cooking salt samples. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 148.0 μg/L for all participants, and 155.0 μg/L, 151.0 μg/L, and 139.6 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. The third trimester’s MUIC was significantly lower than that of the first trimester, and the usage rates of iodized salt and qualified-iodized salt were 71.5% and 59.4%, respectively. Iodine-related knowledge was significantly different between the high and low UIC groups. Participants’ MUIC increased significantly with increases in iodine-related knowledge. The third trimester was a significant risk factor for high UIC, whereas abundant iodine-related knowledge, study the dietary knowledge urgently, and consumption of iodine-rich food within 48 hours of a urine iodine test were significant protective factors for high UIC (P<0.05). Conclusions: Iodine levels are adequate among pregnant women in Shanghai during the first and second trimesters, but insufficient in the third trimester. The use of iodized cooking salt does not determine the iodine status of pregnant women. Abundant iodine-related knowledge is important for pregnant women in the third trimester to maintain adequate urinary iodine.

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Sihame Amsalkhir ◽  
Ahmed Bensouda Mourri ◽  
Herman Van Oyen ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n1311) was 124·1 μg/l and 122·6 μg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 μg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 μg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 μg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 μg iodine as recommended.

scholarly journals The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1584-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectives:Monitoring of iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy is difficult as there are no established reference criteria for urinary iodine concentration (UI) for these groups; so it is uncertain whether iodized salt programs meet the needs of these life stages.Design and Subjects:The method used in this paper was: 1) to estimate the median UI concentration that reflects adequate iodine intake during these life stages; and 2) to use these estimates in a review of the literature to assess whether salt iodisation can control iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women, and their infants.Results:For pregnancy, recommended mean daily iodine intakes of 220-250 μg were estimated to correspond to a median UI concentration of about 150 μg l− 1, and larger surveys from the iodine sufficient countries have reported a median UI in pregnant women ≥ 140 μg l− 1. Iodine supplementation in pregnant women who are mild-to-moderately iodine deficient is beneficial, but there is no clear affect on maternal or newborn thyroid hormone levels. In countries where the iodine intake is sufficient, most mothers have median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) greater than the concentration (100-120 μg l− 1) required to meet an infant's needs. The median UI concentration during infancy that indicates optimal iodine nutrition is estimated to be ≥ 100 μg l− 1. In iodine-sufficient countries, the median UI concentration in infants ranges from 90-170 μg l− 1, suggesting adequate iodine intake in infancy.Conclusions:These findings suggest pregnant and lactating women and their infants in countries with successful sustained iodised salt programs have adequate iodine status.

scholarly journals Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila A. Skeaff ◽  
Emily Lonsdale-Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
The Impact

Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in many parts of the world including the UK, Australia and New Zealand (NZ). In 2009, the NZ government introduced the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt as a strategy to improve iodine intakes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of fortification on the iodine status of NZ schoolchildren. A school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select schools from two NZ cities. Children aged 8–10 years were administered a general questionnaire, and asked to provide a casual urine and finger-prick blood sample. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the children (n147) was 113 μg/l, which falls between 100 and 199 μg/l indicating adequate iodine status; 12 % of children had a UIC < 50 μg/l and 39 % had a UIC < 100 μg/l. The median serum thyroxine concentration was 115 nmol/l. The median serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was 10·8 μg/l and falls in the 10·0–19·9 μg/l range indicative of mild iodine deficiency, suggesting that these children still had enlarged thyroid glands. When compared with the median UIC of 68 μg/l reported in the 2002 NZ Children's Nutrition Survey, the UIC of children in the present study had increased, which is probably caused by the addition of iodised salt to bread. However, the elevated concentration of Tg in these children suggests that the increase in UIC is not sufficient to ensure that thyroid volume has normalised. The fortification of other staple foods, in addition to bread, should be considered to ensure good iodine status in NZ children.

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