scholarly journals Nutrient Intake in Children 4–13 Years Old in Ibadan, Nigeria

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1741
Author(s):  
Marie Tassy ◽  
Alison L. Eldridge ◽  
Rasaki A. Sanusi ◽  
Oluwaseun Ariyo ◽  
AnuOluwapo Ogundero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

The paucity of adequate data on dietary and nutrient intakes of school-age children is a barrier to addressing malnutrition and associated risks in Nigeria. This study included 955 children aged 4–13 years from Ibadan, Nigeria, using a stratified random sampling design. Information on family socio-demographic characteristics was reported, and child anthropometrics were measured. Dietary intake data were collected using a multi-pass 24 h dietary recall method; 20% of subjects completed a second 24 h recall to estimate usual nutrient intakes. Means and distributions of usual intakes of energy and nutrients as well as prevalence of inadequacy were estimated. Usual energy intake (kcal/day) was 1345 and 1590 for younger (4–8 years) and older (9–13 years) age groups, respectively. The macronutrient intakes of most children did not conform to Adequate Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), which were characterized by a higher proportion of energy from carbohydrates and lower proportion from total fats. Protein intake was largely within the AMDR. Compared to recommendations, over 60% of 4–8-year-old children had inadequate intakes of calcium, copper, iron, folate, and vitamins A, D, and E. There were more micronutrient inadequacies in the older children. This study identifies nutrition gaps and suggests future research and education to improve child nutrition in Nigeria.

Effects of Animation on Naming and Identification Across Two Graphic Symbol Sets Representing Verbs and Prepositions

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1779-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf W. Schlosser ◽  
Rajinder Koul ◽  
Howard Shane ◽  
James Sorce ◽  
Kristofer Brock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Language Program ◽  
Graphic Symbols ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Graphic Symbol ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Picture Communication

Purpose The effects of animation on naming and identification of graphic symbols for verbs and prepositions were studied in 2 graphic symbol sets in preschoolers. Method Using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 completely randomized block design, preschoolers across three age groups were randomly assigned to combinations of symbol set (Autism Language Program [ALP] Animated Graphics or Picture Communication Symbols [PCS]), symbol format (animated or static), and word class (verbs or prepositions). Children were asked to name symbols and to identify a target symbol from an array given the spoken label. Results Animated symbols were more readily named than static symbols, although this was more pronounced for verbs than for prepositions. ALP symbols were named more accurately than PCS in particular with prepositions. Animation did not facilitate identification. ALP symbols for prepositions were identified better than PCS, but there was no difference for verbs. Finally, older children guessed and identified symbols more effectively than younger children. Conclusions Animation improves the naming of graphic symbols for verbs. For prepositions, ALP symbols are named more accurately and are more readily identifiable than PCS. Naming and identifying symbols are learned skills that develop over time. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of Asymmetric Vection for Radial Expansion or Contraction Motion: Comparison Between School-Age Children and Adults

i-Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166951876119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobu Shirai ◽  
Shuich Endo ◽  
Shigehito Tanahashi ◽  
Takeharu Seno ◽  
Tomoko Imura
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Contraction Flow ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Cumulative Duration ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Trial Participants

Vection is illusory self-motion elicited by visual stimuli and is more easily induced by radial contraction than expansion flow in adults. The asymmetric feature of vection was reexamined with 18 younger (age: 6–8 years) and 19 older children (age: 9–11 years) and 20 adults. In each experimental trial, participants observed either radial expansion or contraction flow; the latency, cumulative duration, and saturation of vection were measured. The results indicated that the latency for contraction was significantly shorter than that for expansion in all age-groups. In addition, the latency and saturation were significantly shorter and greater, respectively, in the younger or older children compared with the adults, regardless of the flow pattern. These results indicate that the asymmetry in vection for expansion or contraction flow emerges by school age, and that school-age children experience significantly more rapid and stronger vection than adults.

scholarly journals Accommodative Amplitude in School-Age Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Gatis Ikaunieks ◽  
Karola Panke ◽  
Madara Segliņa ◽  
Aiga Švede ◽  
Gunta Krūmiņa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Near Work ◽  
Anatomical Parameters ◽  
Accommodative Amplitude

Abstract In children, intensive near-work affects the accommodation system of the eye. Younger children, due to anatomical parameters, read at smaller distance than older children and we can expect that the accommodation system of younger can be affected more than that of older children. We wanted to test this hypothesis. Some authors showed that the norms of amplitude of accommodation (AA) developed by Hofstetter (1950) not always could be applied for children. We also wanted to verify these results. A total of 106 (age 7-15) children participated in the study. Distance visual acuity was measured for all children and only data of children with good visual acuity 1.0 or more (dec. units) were analysed (73 children). Accommodative amplitude was measured before and after lessons using subjective push-up technique (with RAF Near Point Ruler). The results showed that the amplitude of accommodation reduced significantly (p < 0.05) during the day and decrease of AA was similar in different age groups (about ~0.70 D). Additional measurements are needed to verify that the observed changes in AA were associated with fatigue effect. The results showed lower accommodation values compared to average values calculated according to the Hofstetter equation (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Muscle Synergies in Children Walking and Running on a Treadmill

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit M. Bach ◽  
Andreas Daffertshofer ◽  
Nadia Dominici
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Temporal Shift ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Locomotor Patterns

Muscle synergies reflect the presence of a common neural input to multiple muscles. Steering small sets of synergies is commonly believed to simplify the control of complex motor tasks like walking and running. When these locomotor patterns emerge, it is likely that synergies emerge as well. We hence hypothesized that in children learning to run the number of accompanying synergies increases and that some of the synergies’ activities display a temporal shift related to a reduced stance phase as observed in adults. We investigated the development of locomotion in 23 children aged 2–9 years of age and compared them with seven young adults. Muscle activity of 15 bilateral leg, trunk, and arm muscles, ground reaction forces, and kinematics were recorded during comfortable treadmill walking and running, followed by a muscle synergy analysis. We found that toddlers (2–3.5 years) and preschoolers (3.5–6.5 years) utilize a “walk-run strategy” when learning to run: they managed the fastest speeds on the treadmill by combining double support (DS) and flight phases (FPs). In particular the activity duration of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was weakly correlated with age. The number of synergies across groups and conditions needed to cover sufficient data variation ranged between four and eight. The number of synergies tended to be smaller in toddlers than it did in preschoolers and school-age children but the adults had the lowest number for both conditions. Against our expectations, the age groups did not differ significantly in the timing or duration of synergies. We believe that the increase in the number of muscle synergies in older children relates to motor learning and exploration. The ability to run with a FP is clearly associated with an increase in the number of muscle synergies.

scholarly journals Child and adolescent nutrient intakes from current national dietary surveys of European populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Rippin ◽  
Jayne Hutchinson ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
Joao J. Breda ◽  
Janet E. Cade
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
Diet Survey ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Areas Of Concern

AbstractThe WHO encourages national diet survey (NDS) implementation to obtain relevant data to inform policies addressing all forms of malnutrition, which remains a pressing issue throughout Europe. This paper provides an up-to-date review on energy, macro- and selected micronutrient intakes in children across WHO Europe using the latest available NDS intakes. It assesses these against WHO recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) to highlight vulnerable groups and areas of concern. Dietary survey information was gathered by Internet searches, contacting survey authors and nutrition experts. Survey characteristics, energy and nutrient intakes were extracted and weighted means calculated and presented by region. Child energy and nutrient intakes were extracted from twenty-one NDS across a third (n 18) of the fifty-three WHO Europe countries. Of these, 38 % (n 6) reported intakes by socio-economic group, but by various indicators. Energy and macronutrients, where boys and older children had higher intakes, were more widely reported than micronutrients. Most countries met under half of the WHO RNI for nutrients reported in their NDS. Micronutrient attainment was higher than macronutrients, but worst in girls and older children. Only a third, mainly Western, WHO European member states provided published data on child nutrient intakes. Gaps in provision mean that dietary inadequacies may go unidentified, preventing evidence-based policy formation. WHO RNI attainment was poor, particularly in girls and older children. Inconsistent age groups, dietary methodologies, nutrient composition databases and under-reporting hinder inter-country comparisons. Future efforts should encourage countries to conduct NDS in a standardised format by age and sociodemographic variables.

scholarly journals Food sources, energy and nutrient intakes of adults: 2013 Philippines National Nutrition Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa ◽  
Ye Sun ◽  
Liya Denney ◽  
Keith V. Tanda ◽  
Royce Ann D. Octavio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
National Nutrition Survey ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Daily Intakes

Abstract Background Comprehensive assessment of dietary intakes of foods and nutrients in Filipino adults are lacking. This study evaluated energy and nutrient intakes and food sources of key nutrients consumed by Filipino adults. Methods The participants were from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey wherein food intake of young adults aged 19–49 years (n = 12,896) and older adults aged 50 years and above (n = 7853) were collected using 24-h recalls. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated using PC-SIDE program. The Philippines Dietary Reference Intakes were used to calculate proportions of inadequate intake using Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). Energy adequacy was evaluated using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) equation for Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). Results The nutrient intakes with the highest prevalence of inadequacy (> 50%) were: iron (97–99%), vitamin C (96–98%), calcium (95–98%), riboflavin (86–91%), folate (89–90%), thiamine (73–89%), energy (67–70%), total fat (55–67%), and vitamin A (54–56%). Refined rice, pork and breads contributed most to daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, thiamine, riboflavin, and iron. Low intake of vegetables, fruits and dairy was common in both age groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated that intakes of many nutrients were markedly inadequate among adults in the Philippines, due to the rice-dominant dietary pattern with few nutrient-dense foods. These results can be used to support the development of specific interventions to improve the shortfalls in nutrient intakes.

scholarly journals Cognitive and Linguistic Contributions to Masked Speech Recognition in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 3525-3538
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Margaret K. Miller ◽  
Emily Buss ◽  
Lori J. Leibold
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Attention Skills

Purpose The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive and linguistic skills on masked speech recognition for children with normal hearing in three different masking conditions: (a) speech-shaped noise (SSN), (b) amplitude-modulated SSN (AMSSN), and (c) two-talker speech (TTS). We hypothesized that children with better working memory and language skills would have better masked speech recognition than peers with poorer skills in these areas. Selective attention was predicted to affect performance in the TTS masker due to increased cognitive demands from informational masking. Method A group of 60 children in two age groups (5- to 6-year-olds and 9- to 10-year-olds) with normal hearing completed sentence recognition in SSN, AMSSN, and TTS masker conditions. Speech recognition thresholds for 50% correct were measured. Children also completed standardized measures of language, memory, and executive function. Results Children's speech recognition was poorer in the TTS relative to the SSN and AMSSN maskers. Older children had lower speech recognition thresholds than younger children for all masker conditions. Greater language abilities were associated with better sentence recognition for the younger children in all masker conditions, but there was no effect of language for older children. Better working memory and selective attention skills were associated with better masked sentence recognition for both age groups, but only in the TTS masker condition. Conclusions The decreasing influence of vocabulary on masked speech recognition for older children supports the idea that this relationship depends on an interaction between the language level of the stimuli and the listener's vocabulary. Increased cognitive demands associated with perceptually isolating the target talker and two competing masker talkers with a TTS masker may result in the recruitment of working memory and selective attention skills, effects that were not observed in SSN or AMSSN maskers. Future research should evaluate these effects across a broader range of stimuli or with children who have hearing loss.

scholarly journals Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children: V. Seasonal differences in food consumption and nutrient intakes

1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
Leena Räsänen ◽  
Johanna Niinikangas
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Food Composition Tables ◽  
Inner Organs ◽  
High Level

In connection with a survey of child nutrition in Finland the food consumption and nutrient intakes of the children in summer and in winter were compared. The material consisted of 158 children aged 5, 9 and 13 years living in Nurmijärvi. Food consumption was measured by the 24-hour recall method and the nutrient intakes were calculated on the basis of food composition tables. The interviews were made in June and the following January and February. The diet in winter included significantly more fruits and berries, inner organs and blood but less vegetables and milk products other than milk, sour milk or cheese. The differences were the same in all age groups. The intakes of energy and nutrients were notably similar in summer and in winter. Only the intakes of iron, vitamin A and ascorbic acid were higher in winter than in summer. This can be ascribed to the high consumption of inner organs and blood. The large consumption of fruits, citrus fruits in particular, raised the ascorbic acid intake to a quite high level in winter. The differences in the present study between the diets of the children in summer and winter were not similar to those observed earlier among Finnish adults. The increased use of imported foodstuffs and the development of the domestic food industry have obviously levelled off the sharp seasonal fluctuations earlier seen in the Finnish diet.

Parent-Mediated Interventions for School-Age Children With ASD: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 108835762095690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Ratliff-Black ◽  
William Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Children With Asd

Parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) are commonly used with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and their effectiveness for young children has been documented. However, no reviews have examined the use of PMIs with older children with ASD. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to investigate the state of the literature regarding PMIs for school-age children with ASD and to evaluate their effectiveness across domains. Eighteen studies of PMIs examining 170 child participants with ASD were included. Participants, interventions, and the effects of the interventions are described. Overall, studies demonstrated moderately positive effects for PMIs for school-age children with ASD. Group design studies demonstrated an overall effect size (ES) of 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.50, 1.09], while single-case design (SCD) studies yielded an overall ES of 1.84, 95% CI = [1.08, 2.60]. More research is needed to understand the differential effectiveness of parent training components, and future research should focus on including measures of parent treatment integrity, to aid in the understanding of program efficacy.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

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