scholarly journals Iodine Intake Estimated by 24 h Urine Collection in the Italian Adult Population: 2008–2012 Survey

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529
Author(s):  
Roberto Iacone ◽  
Paola Iaccarino Idelson ◽  
Pietro Formisano ◽  
Ornella Russo ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
General Adult Population

Monitoring the population iodine status is essential for iodine deficiency eradication. This study assessed the average dietary iodine intake and the iodine status of a random sample of the Italian general adult population. The study population included 2378 adults aged 35–79 years (1229 men and 1149 women) from all 20 Italian regions, participating in the Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare/Health Examination Survey 2008–2012 (OEC/HES), and were examined for iodine intake in the framework of the MINISAL-GIRCSI Programme. Dietary iodine intake was assessed by the measurement of 24 h urinary iodine excretion. The median daily iodine intake of the whole population was lower (96 µg/d, interquartile range 51–165) than the daily adequate iodine intake according to both EFSA and WHO recommendation (150 µg/d), with a significantly lower value among women (85 µg/d) compared with men (111 µg/d). Iodine intake diminished with age and increased with BMI (body mass index) in male but not in female participants, without achieving the adequate intake in any sex, age, or BMI category. In this random sample of Italian general adult population examined in 2008–2012, iodine intake still remained lower than the recommended values despite the implementation of a strategy of iodoprophylaxis based on salt iodization in 2005. These data represent a valuable reference for future monitoring of iodine status in our country.

scholarly journals Nutritional iodine status and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariacarla Moleti ◽  
Maria Di Mauro ◽  
Giuseppe Paola ◽  
Antonella Olivieri ◽  
Francesco Vermiglio
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractIodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Its availability strictly depends on iodine content of foods, which may vary from very low to very high. Inadequate iodine intake (deficiency or excess) may affect thyroid function resulting in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Based on median urinary iodine concentrations, epidemiological criteria have been established for the categorization and monitoring of nutritional iodine status of a population (or subgroups of populations). Additional methods for iodine intake assessment include measurement of thyroid size (by thyroid palpation or ultrasonography) and of biochemical parameters, such as neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones.Recent studies carried out in overweight/obese children and adults provide evidence that body mass index (BMI) may significantly influence the above indicators, thus theoretically affecting the epidemiological evaluation of nutritional iodine status in populations.In this short review, we analyze current knowledge on the effects of overweight and obesity on indicators of adequacy and monitoring of iodine status, namely urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume and echogenicity.Data on urinary iodine excretion in overweight/obese children are divergent, as both increased and reduced levels have been reported in overweight/obese children compared to normal-weight controls.Whether gastrointestinal surgery may affect iodine absorption and lead to iodine deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been evaluated in a limited number of studies, which excluded iodine deficiency, thus suggesting that supplements usually recommended after bariatric surgery do not need to include iodine.Albeit limited, evidence on thyroid volume and obesity is consistent with a direct relationship between thyroid volume and BMI, irrespective of nutritional iodine status. Finally, a higher frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern has been described in overweight/obese children. This finding has been recently related to an increased adipocyte infiltration and thyroid parenchyma imbibition mediated by inflammatory cytokines and should be considered when the frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern is used as non-invasive marker to indirectly assess thyroid autoimmunity in monitoring Universal Salt Iodization programs. Further studies, specifically addressing the role of schoolchildren body mass index as a factor potentially influencing iodine intake indicators are needed.

Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yozen Fuse ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽  
Minoru Irie
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization

Nutrition ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masekonyela Linono Damane Sebotsa ◽  
André Dannhauser ◽  
Pieter L. Jooste ◽  
Gina Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Campanozzi ◽  
Irene Rutigliano ◽  
Paolo E Macchia ◽  
Gianpaolo De Filippo ◽  
Antonio Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACTBackgroundIodine is an essential micronutrient for intellectual development in children. Information on iodine intakes based on 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is scant, because iodine status is only assessed by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate the iodine intake of school-age children and adolescents, using UIE measurement in 24-h urine collections.MethodsThe study population included 1270 healthy subjects (677 boys, 593 girls) aged 6–18 y (mean age ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.9) from 10 Italian regions. Daily iodine intake was estimated as UIE/0.92, based on the notion that $\sim$92% of the dietary iodine intake is absorbed. The adequacy of intakes was assessed according to the Dietary Reference Values for iodine of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Body mass index (BMI) and UIC were also measured for each subject.ResultsBased on the scientific opinion of EFSA, 600 of 1270 subjects (47.2%) had a lower than adequate iodine intake, with a higher prevalence among girls (54.6%) compared with boys (40.2%) (P < 0.001). Although UIE and 24-h urinary volumes increased with age (P < 0.001), a progressive decrease in the percentage of subjects with iodine excretion <100 µg/24 h (P < 0.001) was observed, without any significant difference in the percentage of subjects with UIC <100 µg/L. No significant association was detected between BMI z-score and UIE (P = 0.603) or UIC (P = 0.869).ConclusionsA sizable proportion of our population, especially girls, appeared to be at risk of iodine inadequacy. The simple measurement of UIC could lead to underestimation of the occurrence of iodine deficiency in younger children, because of the age-related smaller urine volumes producing spuriously higher iodine concentrations.

scholarly journals Raised blood pressure in Italy: results of the CUORE Project-health examination survey 2018-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
A Di Lonardo ◽  
D Minutoli ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
B Buttari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Health Examination Survey ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
General Adult Population

Abstract Background The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease (WHO-NCD) recommends a 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure (RBP) by 2025. Prevalence of RBP and mean blood pressure in the Italian general adult population measured in the 2018 CUORE Project-Health Examination Survey are presented to investigate if Italy can reach this target. Methods Within the health examination survey conducted in 2018-2019, representative random samples of resident population, aged 35-74 years, stratified by age and sex (822 men and 869 women) were examined in 8 Italian Regions from the Northern, Central and Southern Italy. Blood pressure was measured by automated oscillometric device using standardized procedures and methods; mean level of two measurements are here considered. RBP is defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure equal or greater than 140/90 mmHg or being under specific drug treatment. The survey is funded by the Italian Ministry of Health-CCM. Results Preliminary analysis shows that prevalence of RBP is 43% (95% C.I. 40-47) in men and 32% (29-36) in women. Prevalence of persons with raised blood pressure and not receiving pharmacological treatment is 19% (15-22) in men and 9% (5-12) in women. In men and women prevalence of raised blood pressure is significantly higher in the Southern Regions. Mean value of systolic blood pressure is 131 mmHg (130-132) in men and 122 mmHg (121-123) in women. Mean value of diastolic blood pressure is 77 mmHg (76-78) in men and 73 mmHg (72-74) in women. Conclusions Preliminary data underline that RBP is commonly observed in the Italian adult population. However, in comparison to data measured within the CUORE Project 10 years earlier, prevalence of RBP and mean blood pressure are declining, facilitating the meeting of WHO-NCDs target. Key messages Raised blood pressure is commonly observed in the Italian general adult population. If confirmed, in the last ten years prevalence of raised blood pressure and mean blood pressure are declining in the Italian general adult population.

scholarly journals Sodium intake in Italy from 2008 to 2019: results of the CUORE Project-Health Examination Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
O Russo ◽  
P Bellisario ◽  
D Galeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
General Adult Population

Abstract Background The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of NCDs recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan 2014-2019, in collaboration with the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy. To estimate the habitual salt intake and its trend in the general adult population, national surveys, funded by the MoH-CCM, are conducted within the CUORE Project. Methods Baseline salt intake by the use of 24h urine collections was assessed in 2008-2012 from representative random samples of residents in all Italian Regions. A new survey was conducted in 2018-2019 involving random samples of residents in 10 Regions. Urinary sodium excretion is assayed by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Comparisons are made considering, for both periods, the first seven regions examined in the 2018-2019 survey and the age range of 35-74 years. Results Within the 2008-2012 survey, mean level of sodium chloride per day in 642 men and 627 women were 10.6 g (10.3-11.0 g) and 8.0 g (7.7-8.3 g) respectively, whereas in the 2018-2019 survey the corresponding mean levels in 673 men and 709 women were 9.3 g (95% C.I.: 9.1-9.6 g) and 7.1 g (6.9-7.3 g), respectively. A sodium chloride intake level lower than the WHO recommended target of 5g/day (or 85 mmol/day) was detected in 5% (3-6%) of men and 16% (13-19%) of women examined in 2008-2012 vs 9% (6-11%) of men and 24% (20-27%) of women examined in 2018-2019. Conclusions These preliminary data show that the average habitual sodium intake in Italy is still higher than recommended but a significant reduction seems to occur. These results fully justify and encourage the ongoing preventive initiatives of MoH, facilitating the meeting of the WHO-NCD target. Key messages Habitual salt intake in the Italian general adult population is still higher than the recommended by the WHO. If confirmed, in the last ten years a reduction of habitual salt intake in Italian general adult population seems to be occurred.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on iodine status among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura: a North-Eastern state of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Nilratan Majumder ◽  
Balaram Sutradhar ◽  
Saradindu Riang ◽  
Shib Sekhar Datta
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background: Due to excess metabolic demand of iodine in pregnancy, pregnant women and lactating mother and their neonates are most vulnerable of iodine deficiency disorder. Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of recent dietary iodine intake. Thus, present study was conducted to assess the iodine status and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/lit) among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura.Methods: Tribal and Bengali pregnant and non-pregnant women from Bokafa and Jolaibari Block of South Tripura district were included in the study. Urinary iodine excretion was done using simple micro plate method. Salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. All the tests were performed at CNRT Lab, ICMR, India.Results: Total number of subjects included in this study was 1071. Total number of urine samples collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women was 538 and 533 respectively. Median value of UIE in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura was 155.0µg/L and 130.0µg/L. In pregnant women percentage prevalence of severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-149µg/L) was found in 4.1%, 15.1% and 29.6% subjects. In case of non-pregnant women severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-99µg/L) was found in 0.6%, 9.6%, 27.8% subjects respectively. The overall prevalence of iodine deficiency was found in 48.8% pregnant women, compared to 38.0% non-pregnant subjects.Conclusions: Efforts towards universal salt iodization need to be stepped-up in Sub-Himalayan region (NE part of India) and pregnant and lactating mothers may be targeted with alternate iodine supplements (Colloidal Iodine).

Assessment of iodine intake and deficiency in school-age children in Morocco

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-885
Author(s):  
Naima Saeid ◽  
Anass Rami ◽  
Samir Mounach ◽  
Abdeslam Hamrani ◽  
Asmaa El Hamdouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose Iodine deficiency has several adverse effects on human growth and development and it is categorized collectively as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Recent estimations showed that 29.8 per cent of school-age children have insufficient iodine intake. Salt iodization is widely accepted as the best method for increasing iodine intake. In 1995, Morocco adopted the universal salt iodization strategy to reduce iodine deficiency and consequently prevent and control IDDs. This study aims to determine the benefit of this strategy on schoolchildren and adolescent by assessing iodine intake and evaluating iodine deficiency. Design/methodology/approach This transversal study was conducted on 131 children and adolescents. Iodine intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Iodine status was evaluated on 24-h urine samples and the creatinine excretion was used to validate completeness of urine collection. Findings The medians of urinary iodine excretion and concentration were 77 µg/day and 96 µg/L, respectively. Overall, 72.5 per cent are deficient, so mild and moderate iodine deficiencies were reported in 58 per cent and 14.5 per cent, respectively, and no child exhibited severe deficiency. A significant difference was reported between iodine deficiency and, sex and age; iodine deficiency was more pronounced in boys and children under eight years. In this study, iodine status in deficient children does not change with the consumption pattern of dairy products and eggs, and results showed no significant association (p > 0.05). However, fish consumption was significantly associated to urinary iodine concentration = 100 µg/L (p = 0.044). Average UIC in school-aged children is still inadequate and consumption of foods high in iodine remains very insufficient. Therefore, additional efforts must focus on nutritional education of Moroccan school-aged children. Originality/value In the author’s knowledge, this is the first study evaluating schoolchildren iodine status by 24-h iodine collection; the study reported association of iodine deficiency with dietary habit concerning sources of food rich on iodine.

scholarly journals Body mass index and obesity in Italy: results of CUORE Project-Health Examination Survey 2018-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
E Profumo ◽  
B Buttari ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
D Minutoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Health Examination Survey ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Abstract Background The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease (WHO-NCD) recommends to halt the rise of obesity by 2025. Obesity is largely preventable. This preliminary analysis aims to assess mean level of BMI and prevalence of obesity in the Italian general adult population using the data collected within the CUORE Project to investigate if Italy can meet the WHO-NCD target. Methods Within the health examination survey conducted in 2018-2019, mean level of BMI and prevalence of obesity (BMI &gt; =30 kg/m2) and overweight (25 &lt; =BMI&lt;30 kg/m2) were assessed in representative random samples of resident population, aged 35-74 years, stratified by age and sex (822 men and 869 women), from 8 Italian Regions in Northern, Central and Southern Italy. Weight and height were measured using standardized methods. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on educational level that was used as a proxy of socio-economic status. The survey is funded by the Italian Ministry of Health-CCM. Results In this preliminary analysis, mean level of BMI was 26.8 kg/m2 (95% C.I. 26.5-27.1) in men and 25.9 kg/m2 (25.6-26.3) in women. Prevalence of obesity was 19% (16-22) in men and 22% (19-25) in women; prevalence of overweight was 45% (41-48) in men and 28% (25-31) in women. Obesity resulted significantly higher in persons with lower educational level (primary or middle school) vs those with higher education: 26% (20-31) vs 16% (13-19) in men and 33% (27-38) vs 17% (14-20) in women. Both in men and women prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in the Southern regions. Conclusions Preliminary data show that more than half of Italian adults are overweight/obese. However, in comparison to BMI measured in the CUORE Project 10 years earlier, the prevalence of people at normal weight is increasing, moving in the direction of the WHO-NCDs obesity target. Preventive actions at community level should be more incisive in the population at low socio-economic level. Key messages Mean BMI and prevalence of obesity in the Italian general adult population are still high. If confirmed, in the last ten years an increase of normal weight prevalence in the Italian general adult population seems to be occurred.

scholarly journals Status iodium pada anak usia sekolah berdasarkan ekskresi iodium urin dan asupan iodium

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Widya Ayu Kurnia Putri ◽  
Dodik Briawan ◽  
Hidayat Syarief ◽  
Leily Amelia
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Students ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Iodine status in school-age children determined from iodine urine excretion and iodine intakeBackground: School-age children are more at risk if they experience deficiencies and excess iodine. The concentration of iodine in urine is a good biomarker for assessing iodine intake, 90% of iodine intake will be excreted through urine. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the iodine status of school-age children based on urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and iodine intake.Method: The study design used a cross-sectional study on 44 healthy school-aged children in Bogor Regency. Subject selection was done purposively in healthy 5th-grade elementary school students. The data taken in this study was urine iodine excretion concentration and food recall (1x24 hours). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation test.Results: Median iodine excretion concentration in urine was 157 μg/l and the average daily iodine intake of children was 83.29 mg/day. Conclusion: The concentration of iodine excretion in the urine of the children is in the category of sufficient iodine as recommended by WHO / UNICEF / ICCID while the daily intake of iodine for children is still in the less category. The results showed that there was no association of iodine daily intake with iodine excretion concentration in urine(p=0.469).

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