scholarly journals The Tryptophan/Kynurenine Pathway: A Novel Cross-Talk between Nutritional Obesity, Bariatric Surgery and Taste of Fat

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Arnaud Bernard ◽  
Cédric Le May ◽  
Aurélie Dastugue ◽  
Audrey Ayer ◽  
Claire Blanchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Disturbance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Plasma Metabolome ◽  
Fat Taste ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) reduces the orosensory perception of lipids in rodents and in some humans. Although bariatric surgery partially corrects this alteration, underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To explore whether metabolic changes might explain this fat taste disturbance, plasma metabolome analyses, two-bottle choice tests and fungiform papillae (Fun) counting were performed in vertical sleeve gastrectomized (VSG) mice and sham-operated controls. An exploratory clinic study was also carried out in adult patients undergone a VSG. In mice, we found that (i) the VSG reduces both the plasma neurotoxic signature due to the tryptophan/kynurenine (Trp/Kyn) pathway overactivation and the failure of fat preference found in sham-operated DIO mice, (ii) the activity of Trp/Kyn pathway is negatively correlated to the density of Fun, and (iii) the pharmacological inhibition of the Kyn synthesis mimics in non-operated DIO mice the positive effects of VSG (i.e., decrease of Kyn synthesis, increase of Fun number, improvement of the fat taste perception). In humans, a reduction of the plasma Kyn level is only found in patients displaying a post-surgery improvement of their fat taste sensitivity. Altogether these data provide a plausible metabolic explanation to the degradation of the orosensory lipid perception observed in obesity.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Multi-omic Phenotyping Reveals Host-microbe Responses to Bariatric Surgery, Glycaemic Control and Obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Penney ◽  
Derek Yeung ◽  
Isabel Garcia-Perez ◽  
Joram POSMA ◽  
Aleksandra Kopytek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Resolution of type-2 diabetes (T2D) is common following bariatric surgery, particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To address this we compared the integrated serum, urine and faecal metabolic profiles of obese participants with and without T2D (n=81, T2D=42) with participants who underwent RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy (pre and 3-months post-surgery; n=27), taking diet into account. We co-modelled these data with shotgun metagenomic profiles of the gut microbiota to provide a comprehensive atlas of host-gut microbe responses to bariatric surgery, weight-loss and glycaemic control at the systems level. Bariatric surgery reversed a number of disrupted pathways characteristic of T2D. The differential metabolite set representative of bariatric surgery overlapped with both diabetes (19.3% commonality) and BMI (18.6% commonality). However, the percentage overlap between diabetes and BMI was minimal (4.0% commonality), consistent with weight-independent mechanisms of T2D resolution. The gut microbiota was more strongly correlated to BMI than T2D, although we identified some pathways such as amino acid metabolism that correlated with changes to the gut microbiota and which influence glycaemic control. Improved understanding of GM-host co-metabolism may lead to novel therapies for weight-loss or diabetes.

scholarly journals Differential effects of diet and weight on taste responses in diet-induced obese mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary C. Ahart ◽  
Laura E. Martin ◽  
Bailey R. Kemp ◽  
Debarghya Dutta Banik ◽  
Stefan G.E. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Taste System ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe ever growing obesity epidemic has created a need to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this condition. Appetite and consumption are directly influenced by the taste system which determines if potential food items will be ingested or rejected. While previous studies have reported that obese individuals have reduced taste perception, the relationship between these processes is still poorly understood. Earlier work has demonstrated that diet-induced obesity (DIO) directly impairs taste responses, particularly for sweet stimuli. These deficits occurred in the cells located in the oral cavity as well as in the behavioral responses. However, it is not clear if these changes to the taste system are due to obesity or to the high fat diet exposure. The goal of the current study was to determine if diet or excess weight is responsible for the DIO induced taste deficits. Using a combination of live cell imaging, brief-access licking, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, we have found that diet and weight gain can each selectivity affect taste. Follow up experiments determined that two key signaling proteins, gustducin and phospholipase Cβ2, are significantly reduced in the high fat diet without weight gain and obese mice, identifying a potential mechanism for the reduced taste responsiveness to some stimuli. Our data indicate that the relationship between obesity and taste is complex and reveal that for some stimuli, diet alone can cause taste deficits, even without the onset of obesity.

Potential positive effects of bariatric surgery on healthcare resource utilisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Chadwick ◽  
Paul R. Burton ◽  
Julie Playfair ◽  
Kalai Shaw ◽  
John Wentworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilisation ◽  
Positive Effects

scholarly journals Associations between Pre-Bariatric High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Post-Surgery Outcomes

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
Tannaz Jamialahmadi ◽  
Mohsen Nematy ◽  
Simona Bo ◽  
Valentina Ponzo ◽  
Ali Jangjoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Hs Crp

Background: Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with increased circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Bariatric surgery has been reported to be effective in improving both inflammatory and liver status. Our aims were to elucidate the relationships between pre-surgery high sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP) values and post-surgery weight loss and liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with severe obesity undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods: We conducted an observational prospective study on 90 individuals with morbid obesity, who underwent gastric bypass. Anthropometric indices, laboratory assessment (lipid panel, glycemic status, liver enzymes, and hs-CRP), liver stiffness and steatosis were evaluated at baseline and 6-months after surgery. Results: There was a significant post-surgery reduction in all the anthropometric variables, with an average weight loss of 33.93 ± 11.79 kg; the mean percentage of total weight loss (TWL) was 27.96 ± 6.43%. Liver elasticity was significantly reduced (from 6.1 ± 1.25 to 5.42 ± 1.52 kPa; p = 0.002), as well as liver aminotransferases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) and the grade of steatosis. Serum hs-CRP levels significantly reduced (from 9.26 ± 8.45 to 3.29 ± 4.41 mg/L; p < 0.001). The correlations between hs-CRP levels and liver fibrosis (elastography), steatosis (ultrasonography), fibrosis-4 index, NFS, and surgery success rate were not significant. Regression analyses showed that serum hs-CRP levels were not predictive of liver status and success rate after surgery in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions: In patients with morbid obesity, bariatric surgery caused a significant decrease in hs-CRP levels, liver stiffness and steatosis. Baseline hs-CRP values did not predict the weight-loss success rate and post-surgery liver status.

scholarly journals Orosensory Perception of Fat/Sweet Stimuli and Appetite-Regulating Peptides before and after Sleeve Gastrectomy or Gastric Bypass in Adult Women with Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Arnaud Bernard ◽  
Johanne Le Beyec-Le Bihan ◽  
Loredana Radoi ◽  
Muriel Coupaye ◽  
Ouidad Sami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of bariatric surgery on fat and sweet taste perceptions and to determine the possible correlations with gut appetite-regulating peptides and subjective food sensations. Women suffering from severe obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2) were studied 2 weeks before and 6 months after a vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG, n = 32) or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 12). Linoleic acid (LA) and sucrose perception thresholds were determined using the three-alternative forced-choice procedure, gut hormones were assayed before and after a test meal and subjective changes in oral food sensations were self-reported using a standardized questionnaire. Despite a global positive effect of both surgeries on the reported gustatory sensations, a change in the taste sensitivity was only found after RYGB for LA. However, the fat and sweet taste perceptions were not homogenous between patients who underwent the same surgery procedure, suggesting the existence of two subgroups: patients with and without taste improvement. These gustatory changes were not correlated to the surgery-mediated modifications of the main gut appetite-regulating hormones. Collectively these data highlight the complexity of relationships between bariatric surgery and taste sensitivity and suggest that VSG and RYGB might impact the fatty taste perception differently.

scholarly journals Measuring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Barriers to Medication Adherence in Potential Bariatric Surgery Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Bianciardi ◽  
Claudio Imperatori ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Mariantonietta Fabbricatore ◽  
Angelica Maria Monacelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Level ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Status

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for the obesity epidemic, but the poor attendance and adherence rates of post-surgery recommendations threaten treatment effectiveness and health outcomes. Preoperatively, we investigated the unique contributions of clinical (e.g., medical and psychiatric comorbidities), sociodemographic (e.g., sex, age, and educational level), and psychopathological variables (e.g., binge eating severity, the general level of psychopathological distress, and alexithymia traits) on differing dimensions of adherence in a group of patients seeking bariatric surgery. Methods The final sample consisted of 501 patients (346 women). All participants underwent a full psychiatric interview. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess psychopathology, binge eating severity, alexithymia, and three aspects of adherence: knowledge, attitude, and barriers to medical recommendations. Results Attitude to adherence was associated with alexithymia (β = ˗2.228; p < 0.001) and binge eating disorder (β = 0.103; p = 0.047). The knowledge subscale was related to medical comorbidity (β = 0.113; p = 0.012) and alexithymia (β = −2.256; p < 0.001); with age (β = 0.161; p = 0.002) and psychiatric comorbidity (β =0.107; p = 0.021) manifesting in the barrier subscale. Conclusion We demonstrated that alexithymia and psychiatric and eating disorders impaired adherence reducing attitude and knowledge of treatment and increasing the barriers. Both patient and doctor can benefit from measuring adherence prior to surgery, with a qualitative approach shedding light on the status of adherence prior to the postsurgical phase when the damage regarding adherence is, already, done.

scholarly journals Improvements in cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL and adiponectin contribute to mitigation in cardiovascular disease risk after bariatric surgery in a cohort with morbid obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himani Thakkar ◽  
Vinnyfred Vincent ◽  
Sakshi Sukhla ◽  
Manraj Sra ◽  
Uma Kanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux Capacity ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Inflammatory Status

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery can alleviate cardiovascular risk via effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to assess the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of HDL as a negative risk factor for CVD in individuals with obesity and identify the factors associated with improvement in CEC 3 months following bariatric surgery. Methods We recruited 40 control individuals (mean BMI of 22.2 kg/m2) and 56 obese individuals (mean BMI of 45.9 kg/m2). The biochemical parameters, inflammatory status and CEC of HDL was measured for the obese individuals before bariatric surgery and at 3 months after surgery. The CEC was measured using a cell-based cholesterol efflux system of BODIPY-cholesterol-labelled THP-1 macrophages. Results A significant reduction in BMI (− 17%, p < 0.001), resolution of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-IR = − 23.4%, p = 0.002; Adipo IR = − 16%, p = 0.009) and inflammation [log resistin = − 6%, p = 0.07] were observed 3 months post-surgery. CEC significantly improved 3 months after surgery [Pre: 0.91 ± 0.13; Post: 1.02 ± 0.16; p = 0.001] despite a decrease in HDL-C levels. The change in CEC correlated with the change in apo A-I (r = 0.39, p = 0.02) and adiponectin levels (r = 0.35, p = 0.03). Conclusion The results suggest that improvements in CEC, through improvement in adipose tissue health in terms of adipokine secretion and insulin sensitivity could be an important pathway in modulating obesity-related CVD risk.

scholarly journals Serum concentrations of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antiepileptics over the bariatric surgery procedure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna M. Wallerstedt ◽  
Karin Nylén ◽  
Magnus A. B. Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose As a substantial proportion of bariatric surgery patients use psychotropic/antiepileptic drugs, we investigated the impact of this procedure on serum concentrations. Methods In a naturalistic, longitudinal, prospective case series, we compared dose-adjusted trough concentrations of antidepressants, antipsychotics, or antiepileptics in consecutive patients before and after bariatric surgery. Adherence to treatment over 2 weeks preceding each sampling was considered. Results In all, 85 participants were included (86% female, median age 45 years, median body mass index 42 kg/m2). They were being treated with 18 different psychotropic/antiepileptic drugs (7 substances: 6–17 individuals, 11 substances: 1–4 individuals) and contributed 237 samples over a median of 379 days after surgery. For four out of seven substances with pre-/post-surgery samples available from six or more individuals, the dose-adjusted concentration was reduced (sertraline: 51%, mirtazapine: 41%, duloxetine: 35%, citalopram: 19%). For sertraline and mirtazapine, the low-calorie-diet before surgery entirely explained this reduction. A consistent finding, irrespective of drug, was the association between the mean ratio of the post-/pre-diet dose-adjusted concentration and the lipophilicity of the drug (logD; correlation coefficient: −0.69, P = 0.0005), the low-calorie diet often affecting serum concentration more than the surgery itself. Conclusions Serum concentrations of psychotropic/antiepileptic drugs vary after bariatric surgery and can be hard to predict in individual patients, suggesting that therapeutic drug monitoring is of value. Conversely, effects of the pre-surgery, low-calorie diet appear generalizable, with decreased concentrations of highly lipophilic drugs and increased concentrations of highly hydrophilic drugs. Interaction effects (surgery/dose/concentration) were not evident but cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Rate and Determinants of Excessive Fat-Free Mass Loss After Bariatric Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 3119-3126
Author(s):  
Malou A. H. Nuijten ◽  
Valerie M. Monpellier ◽  
Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels ◽  
Ignace M. C. Janssen ◽  
Eric J. Hazebroek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Post Bariatric Surgery

Abstract Purpose Fat-free mass (FFM) loss is a concerning aspect of bariatric surgery, but little is known about its time-course and factors related with excessive FFM loss. This study examined (i) the progress of FFM loss up to 3 years post-bariatric surgery and (ii) the prevalence and determinants of excessive FFM loss. Materials and Methods A total of 3596 patients (20% males, 43.5 ± 11.1 years old, BMI = 44.2 ± 5.5 kg/m2) underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed preoperatively and 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months post-surgery. Changes in body composition were assessed by mixed model analysis. Prevalence of excessive FFM loss (based on three different cutoff values: ≥ 25%, ≥ 30% and ≥ 35% FFM loss/weight loss (= %FFML/WL)) was estimated and its determinants were assessed by linear regression analysis. Results Highest rates of FFM loss were found at 3 and 6 months post-surgery, reflecting 57% and 73% of peak FFM loss, respectively. Prevalence of excessive FFM loss ranged from 14 to 46% at 36 months post-surgery, with an older age (β = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.10–0.18, P < .001), being male (β = 3.99, 95%CI = 2.86–5.12, P < .001), higher BMI (β = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.05–0.20, P = .002) and SG (β = 2.56, 95%CI = 1.36–3.76, P < .001) as determinants for a greater %FFML/WL. Conclusion Patients lost most FFM within 3 to 6 months post-surgery. Prevalence of excessive FFM loss was high, emphasizing the need for more vigorous approaches to counteract FFM loss. Furthermore, future studies should assess habitual physical activity and dietary intake shortly after surgery in relation to FFM loss.

scholarly journals Mechanism of fat taste perception: Association with diet and obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongli Liu ◽  
Nicholas Archer ◽  
Konsta Duesing ◽  
Garry Hannan ◽  
Russell Keast
Keyword(s):  
Taste Perception ◽  
Fat Taste
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