scholarly journals Chronic Intake of Energy Drinks and Their Sugar Free Substitution Similarly Promotes Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1202
Author(s):  
Liam T. Graneri ◽  
John C. L. Mamo ◽  
Zachary D’Alonzo ◽  
Virginie Lam ◽  
Ryusuke Takechi
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
The Body ◽  
Triglyceride Glucose Index ◽  
Chronic Ingestion ◽  
Standard Energy

Energy drinks containing significant quantities of caffeine, taurine and sugar are increasingly consumed, particularly by adolescents and young adults. The putative effects of chronic ingestion of either standard energy drink, MotherTM (ED), or its sugar-free formulation (sfED) on metabolic syndrome were determined in wild-type C57BL/6J mice, in comparison to a soft drink, Coca-Cola (SD), a Western-styled diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA), and a combination of SFA + ED. Following 13 weeks of intervention, mice treated with ED were hyperglycaemic and hypertriglyceridaemic, indicating higher triglyceride glucose index, which was similar to the mice maintained on SD. Surprisingly, the mice maintained on sfED also showed signs of insulin resistance with hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and greater triglyceride glucose index, comparable to the ED group mice. In addition, the ED mice had greater adiposity primarily due to the increase in white adipose tissue, although the body weight was comparable to the control mice receiving only water. The mice maintained on SFA diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain, body fat, cholesterol and insulin, whilst blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations remained comparable to the control mice. Collectively, these data suggest that the consumption of both standard and sugar-free forms of energy drinks induces metabolic syndrome, particularly insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Dairy Fat Consumption and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of the Saturated Fatty Acids in Dairy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unger ◽  
Torres-Gonzalez ◽  
Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Lifestyle is a key modifiable risk factor involved in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome and, in particular, diet plays a pivotal role in its prevention and development. Current dietary guidelines discourage the consumption of saturated fat and dietary sources rich in saturated fat, such as dairy products, despite data suggesting that full-fat dairy consumption is protective against metabolic syndrome. This narrative review assessed the recent epidemiological and clinical research that examined the consumption of dairy-derived saturated fatty acids (SFA) on metabolic syndrome risk. In addition, this review evaluated studies of individual SFA to gain insight into the potential mechanisms at play with intake of a diet enriched with these dairy-derived fatty acids. This work underscores that SFA are a heterogenous class of fatty acids that can differ considerably in their biological activity within the body depending on their length and specific chemical structure. In summary, previous work on the impact of dairy-derived SFA consumption on disease risk suggests that there is currently insufficient evidence to support current dietary guidelines which consolidate all dietary SFA into a single group of nutrients whose consumption should be reduced, regardless of dietary source, food matrix, and composition.

scholarly journals Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Golbidi ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Exercise Induced

The lack of adequate physical activity and obesity created a worldwide pandemic. Obesity is characterized by the deposition of adipose tissue in various parts of the body; it is now evident that adipose tissue also acts as an endocrine organ capable of secreting many cytokines that are though to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Adipokines, or adipose tissue-derived proteins, play a pivotal role in this scenario. Increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines leads to a chronic inflammatory state that is accompanied by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Lifestyle change in terms of increased physical activity and exercise is the best nonpharmacological treatment for obesity since these can reduce insulin resistance, counteract the inflammatory state, and improve the lipid profile. There is growing evidence that exercise exerts its beneficial effects partly through alterations in the adipokine profile; that is, exercise increases secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly describe the pathophysiologic role of four important adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the metabolic syndrome and review some of the clinical trials that monitored these adipokines as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.

scholarly journals Overproduction of gastric mucus as a mechanism of stomach’s mucosa protection during energy drinks consumption in Wistar rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 376-380
Author(s):  
Ruby Maini ◽  
Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda ◽  
Mirosław Sławiński ◽  
Paweł Halczuk ◽  
Beata Cichacz-Kwiatkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Mucus ◽  
Gastric Glands ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stimulation Of

Aim: Energy drinks are the most consumed, socially accepted stimulants in the world. They are drunk by drivers and students, and more often also by adolescents and children. It has been noted that some adverse events are due to the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and include palpitations, hypertension, diuresis, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. The health consequences of long-term consumption of energy drinks are not known, but we suppose that continuous stimulation of the body can lead to irreparable changes of tissues. In our study we investigated the impact of long-term energy drink consumption on gastric mucus production. Material/Methods: Ten male young Wistar rats of of 190 grams +/- 64 grams of weight were positioned in two groups: A (experimental) and C (control). The animals of A group received energy drink for 8 weeks. The animals of C group drank just water. After this time the rats of both groups were decapitated and the stomach was taken for histological analysis. The slides were stained with H&E and PAS method and analyzed with Cell^D software. Results: H&E staining indicated an increase in the thickness of the lamina propria of the glandular stomach. PAS staining indicated an increased area of mucus in the gastric glands of the stomach of the experimental group of rats. Conclusions: Regular consumption of energy drinks can lead to changes in the mucosal lining of the stomach, which activate mucus secretion.

scholarly journals Use of energy drinks and their impact on the body based on the view of student population

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Anđelka Milović ◽  
Mirjana Pešić ◽  
Aleksandar Kostić ◽  
Slađana Stanojević
Keyword(s):  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Student Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

In recent years, studies have often been devoted to the frequent on frequency , motives and consequences of consuming energy drinks by the student population at universities. These studies have been common in many countries. The aim of this study was to identify the patterns of energy drink consumption among college students of the Serbian University of Belgrade and to understand the attitudes, motives and consequences of consuming these beverages. The result of this study indicates that energy drink consumption is a common practice among Serbian university students (72.0% use energy drinks and 1.1% consume them regularly). Out of the total number of surveyed students 12.9% consumed energy drinks with alcohol. The most frequent negative effects in students who had used energy drinks were: weight gain (24.2%), headaches (2.6%), thirst (18.9%) and hunger (11.6%). Many of the students surveyed (62.0%) cited that their main motive for using energy drinks was improving their academic capabilities, commonly used as a way to study longer and improve mental focus. But, 10.5% of the surveyed students felt the effect of increased concentration after using energy drinks. This indicated the students' confusion and disagreement between their motives for using energy drinks and the effects achieved. A large number of surveyed students (85.3%) did not check the composition of energy drinks before consumption. The results show that students need education in this regard. This research is part of a study called "Attitudes and Behavior of Students in relation to Food and Nutrition" and is a form of preventive action to combat the widespread use of energy drinks in the student population.

scholarly journals The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Graneri ◽  
Virginie Lam ◽  
Zachary D'Alonzo ◽  
Michael Nesbit ◽  
John C. L. Mamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Chronic Ingestion

Energy drinks containing significant quantities of caffeine and sugar are increasingly consumed, particularly by adolescents and young adults. Chronic ingestion of energy drinks may potentially regulate vascular risk factors. This study investigated the effects of chronic ingestion of energy drinks on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation. Male C57BL/6J mice were maintained on water (control), MotherTM (ED), sugar-free MotherTM (sfED), or Coca ColaTM soft drink (SD) for 13 weeks. The BBB integrity and neuroinflammation were analyzed with semi-quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy. Blood pressure, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels and blood glucose were also considered. Following 13 weeks of intervention, mice treated with ED, sfED, and SD showed significant disruption of BBB. However, marked neuroinflammation was observed only in sfED group mice. The consumption of ED and sfED significantly altered the blood pressure and plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and both increased plasma glucose. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between BBB dysfunction and hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine dyshomeostasis. The intake of energy drink, particularly the sugar free formulation, may compromise the integrity of BBB and induce neuroinflammation via hypotension, hyperglycaemia and inflammatory pathways.

scholarly journals Features and relationships of metabolic syndrome components in men with androgen deficiency. Part 2. Disorders of carbohydrate and purine metabolism. Retrospective study data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Sh. Pavlova ◽  
V. Yu. Grevina
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Purine Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Androgen Deficiency

Introduction. There are few epidemiological data on violations of purine and carbohydrate metabolism in association with testosterone deficiency in men with overweight due to adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome (MS).Aim: to study the relationships between disturbances in carbohydrate and purine metabolism and testosterone level in men with excess adipose tissue and MS.Materials and Мethods. There were enrolled 64 overweight men to the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the body mass index (BMI): group 1 – with overweight (n = 24), group 2 – with the first degree of obesity (n = 21), group 3 – with the second and third degree of obesity (n = 19). A correlation analysis was carried out between the data of carbohydrate and purine metabolism in relation to testosterone level and body composition, as well as additionally assessing the level of inter-group difference.Results. The relationship between the parameters of carbohydrate and purine metabolism and the level of total testosterone has been identified, and it's formed against the background of overdeveloped adipose tissue. A weak negative correlation was found across the sample between testosterone and glucose, insulin, and the НОМА-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) index. That is, the higher the level of glucose, the НОМА-IR index, the lower the testosterone level. In addition, it was noted that an increase in BMI caused higher insulin levels. The number of patients with fasting blood glucose levels above 5.6 mmol/L and insulin resistance also increased. In the group with I degree of obesity, a negative correlation was found between the levels of total testosterone and uric acid.Conclusion. Thus, the thesis is confirmed that the more significant the violation of carbohydrate and purine metabolism, the more significant androgenic deficiency. It is obvious that the most effective solution in choosing a strategy for treating androgen deficiency and disorders of carbohydrate and purine metabolism in overweight men is to normalize body composition and get rid of excess adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Age-related features of developing insulin resistance and adipocyte sensitivity to insulin in rats with induced metabolic syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
N. V. Naryzhnaya ◽  
Yu. G. Birulina ◽  
B. K. Kurbatov ◽  
M. A. Sirotina ◽  
L. N. Maslov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Body Level ◽  
Intact Rats

Old age and insulin resistance accompanying metabolic syndrome are significant factors in the development of cardiovascular pathology.Aim. The aim of the study was to identify the age-related characteristics of developing insulin resistance on the body level and insulin resistance in rat adipocytes in animals with induced metabolic syndrome.Material and Methods. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, which were divided into the following groups: group 1 (n = 14) comprised intact rats aged 150 days at the end of study; group 2 (n = 14) comprised rats aged 150 days at the end of 90-day period on diet with high contents of carbohydrates and fats (HCHFD); group 3 (n = 14) comprised intact rats aged 540 days at the end of the study; group 4 (n = 14) comprised rats aged 540 days after the end of 90-day HCHFD. Diet composition was as follows: 16% proteins, 21% fats, 46% carbohydrates including 17% fructose, 0.125% cholesterol, and replacement of drinking water with a 20%-fructose solution. At the end of the diet, body and organ weights were measured, and contents of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, serum leptin, and liver triglycerides were assessed. Epididymal adipose tissue adipocytes were isolated enzymatically. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated using 2,3-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate. Increased ROS production and lipolysis inhibition in response to insulin were observed.Results. The signs of metabolic syndrome were observed in both age groups of HCHFD animals and included visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance measured by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). However, the obesity indicators were more pronounced in the group of young rats, whereas the signs of insulin resistance prevailed in older rats. Leptinemia directly correlated with HOMA-IR (rSp = 0.485, p = 0.03). Insulin resistance of adipocytes was observed in rats older than 540 days after the HCHFD.Conclusion. The obtained results suggested that age was a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance on the body level. Aging resulted in a decrease in the adipocyte sensitivity to insulin in metabolic syndrome. An increase in leptin may be a possible mechanism for worsening of insulin resistance with age.

scholarly journals The Effect of Lipotoxicity on Renal Dysfunction in a Nonobese Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome: A Urinary Proteomic Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Markova ◽  
Denisa Miklankova ◽  
Martina Hüttl ◽  
Petr Kacer ◽  
Jelena Skibova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Introduction. The development of metabolic syndrome-associated renal dysfunction is exacerbated by a number of factors including dyslipidemia, ectopic deposition of lipids and their toxic metabolites, impairment of lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Renal dysfunction is also affected by the production of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors secreted from adipose tissue, which can in turn directly impair kidney cells and potentiate insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the manifestation of renal lipid accumulation and its effect on renal dysfunction in a model of metabolic syndrome—the hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rat (HHTg)—by assessing microalbuminuria and targeted urinary proteomics. Male Wistar control rats and HHTg rats were fed a standard diet and observed over the course of ageing at 3, 12, and 20 months of age. Results. Chronically elevated levels of triglycerides in HHTg rats were associated with increased levels of NEFA during OGTT and over a period of 24 hours (+80%, P<0.01). HHTg animals exhibited qualitative changes in NEFA fatty acid composition, represented by an increased proportion of saturated fatty acids (P<0.05) and a decreased proportion of n-3 PUFA (P<0.01). Ectopic lipid deposition in the kidneys of HHTg rats—triglycerides (+30%) and cholesterol (+10%)—was associated with markedly elevated microalbuminuria as ageing increased, despite the absence of microalbuminuria at the young age of 3 months in these animals. According to targeted proteomic analysis, 3-month-old HHTg rats (in comparison to age-matched controls) exhibited increased urinary secretion of proinflammatory parameters (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, P<0.01) and decreased urinary secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF, P<0.01) before manifestation of microalbuminuria. Elevation in the urinary secretion of inflammatory cytokines can be affected by increased relative expression of MCP-1 in the renal cortex (P<0.05). Conclusions. Our results confirm dyslipidemia and ectopic lipid accumulation to be key contributors in the development of metabolic syndrome-associated renal dysfunction. Assessing urinary secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and epidermal growth factor can help in detecting early development of metabolic syndrome-associated renal dysfunction.

The relationship between diet quality and insulin resistance in obese children: adaptation of the Healthy Lifestyle-Diet Index in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasemin Ertaş Öztürk ◽  
Rukiye Bozbulut ◽  
Esra Döğer ◽  
Aysun Bideci ◽  
Eda Köksal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackground:Childhood obesity and its complications are serious health problems and diet/lifestyle changes can be beneficial for the prevention of diseases. Adaptation of the Healthy Lifestyle-Diet (HLD) Index in accordance with the dietary guidelines for Turkey (TR) and determination of the relationship between metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese children were the aims of this study.Methods:This study was conducted on 164 overweight or obese children (87 male, 77 female) aged 9–13 years. For all participants, the HLD-TR Index and a 24-h dietary recall were performed and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated. Anthropometric measurements and the body composition of the children were taken. Metabolic syndrome risk factors and insulin resistance were assessed.Results:The mean age of the male and female children was 11.2±1.49 and 11.0±1.40 years, respectively. The majority of the children were obese in both genders. There were no statistically significant differences in the HLD-TR scores between the genders. As the index scores increased, a decrease in the energy intake and an increase in the MAR were observed. Negative correlations between the index scores and body mass, waist circumference and body fat mass were observed. Furthermore, a one-unit increase in the index score decreases the insulin resistance risk by 0.91 times after adjustments for age and gender (odds ratio: 0.91 [0.85–0.97]).Conclusions:The HLD-TR Index is a valid tool that can give an idea about the quality of the diet in obese children. Furthermore, with the increase in the compliance with recommendations for diet/lifestyle changes, indicators of obesity and metabolic syndrome were decreased.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vsevolod Arsen'evich Tkachuk ◽  
Alexander Vyacheslavovich Vorotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Insulin resistance (IR) is a phenomenon associated with an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells and to reduce the blood glucose level. A response increase in insulin secretion by the pancreas and hyperinsulinemia are compensatory reactions of the body. The development of IR leads to the inability of target cells to respond to insulin that results in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. For this reason, the metabolic syndrome is defined in practice as a combination of IR with one or more pathologies such as T2DM, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some others. However, a combination of high blood glucose and insulin levels always serves as its physiological criterion. IR should be considered as a systemic failure of the endocrine regulation in the body. Physiological causes of IR are diverse. The main ones are nutritional overload and accumulation of certain lipids and their metabolites in cells, low physical activity, chronic inflammation and stress of various nature, including oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (impairment of damaged protein degradation in the cell). Recent studies have demonstrated that these physiological mechanisms likely act through a single intracellular scenario. This is the impairment of signal transduction from the insulin receptor to its targets via the negative feedback mechanism in intracellular insulin-dependent signaling cascades. This review describes the physiological and intracellular mechanisms of insulin action and focuses on their abnormalities upon IR development. Finally, feasible trends in early molecular diagnosis and therapy of IR are discussed.

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