scholarly journals Antioxidant Vitamins and Prebiotic FOS and XOS Differentially Shift Microbiota Composition and Function and Improve Intestinal Epithelial Barrier In Vitro

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Van T. Pham ◽  
Marta Calatayud ◽  
Chloë Rotsaert ◽  
Nicole Seifert ◽  
Nathalie Richard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
And Function

Human gut microbiota (HGM) play a significant role in health and disease. Dietary components, including fiber, fat, proteins and micronutrients, can modulate HGM. Much research has been performed on conventional prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), however, novel prebiotics or micronutrients still require further validation. We assessed the effect of FOS, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and a mixture of an antioxidant vitamin blend (AOB) on gut microbiota composition and activity, and intestinal barrier in vitro. We used batch fermentations and tested the short-term effect of different products on microbial activity in six donors. Next, fecal inocula from two donors were used to inoculate the simulator of the human microbial ecosystem (SHIME) and after long-term exposure of FOS, XOS and AOB, microbial activity (short- and branched-chain fatty acids and lactate) and HGM composition were evaluated. Finally, in vitro assessment of intestinal barrier was performed in a Transwell setup of differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12 cells exposed to fermentation supernatants. Despite some donor-dependent differences, all three tested products showed beneficial modulatory effects on microbial activity represented by an increase in lactate and SCFA levels (acetate, butyrate and to a lesser extent also propionate), while decreasing proteolytic markers. Bifidogenic effect of XOS was consistent, while AOB supplementation appears to exert a specific impact on reducing F. nucleatum and increasing butyrate-producing B. wexlerae. Functional and compositional microbial changes were translated to an in vitro host response by increases of the intestinal barrier integrity by all the products and a decrease of the redox potential by AOB supplementation.

scholarly journals The intestinal circadian clock drives microbial rhythmicity to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Heddes ◽  
Baraa Altaha ◽  
Yunhui Niu ◽  
Sandra Reitmeier ◽  
Karin Kleigrewe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Diurnal (i.e., 24-hour) oscillations of the gut microbiome have been described in various species including mice and humans. However, the driving force behind these rhythms remains less clear. In this study, we differentiate between endogenous and exogenous time cues driving microbial rhythms. Our results demonstrate that fecal microbial oscillations are maintained in mice kept in the absence of light, supporting a role of the hosts circadian system rather than representing a diurnal response to environmental changes. Intestinal epithelial cell-specific ablation of the core clock gene Bmal1 disrupts rhythmicity of microbiota. Targeted metabolomics functionally link intestinal clock-controlled bacteria to microbial-derived products, in particular branched-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. Microbiota transfer from intestinal clock-deficient mice into germ-free mice altered intestinal gene expression, enhanced lymphoid organ weights and suppressed immune cell recruitment. These results highlight the importance of functional intestinal clocks for circadian microbiota composition and function, which is required to balance the hosts gastrointestinal homeostasis.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the In Vitro Effects of 2’Fucosyllactose and Lactose on the Composition and Activity of Gut Microbiota from Infants and Toddlers

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Norbert Sprenger ◽  
Jonas Ghyselinck ◽  
Benoît Marsaux ◽  
Massimo Marzorati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Related ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Nutrition Source

Because of the recognized health benefits of breast milk, it is recommended as the sole nutrition source during the first 6 months of life. Among the bioactive components are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that exert part of their activity via the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the gut microbiota fermentation of HMO 2’fucosyllactose (2’-FL), using two in vitro models (48 h fecal incubations and the long-term mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem [M-SHIME®]) with fecal samples from 3-month-old breastfed (BF) infants as well as 2–3 year old toddlers. The short-term model allowed the screening of five donors for each group and provided supportive data for the M-SHIME® study. A key finding was the strong and immediate increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae following 2’-FL fermentation by both the BF infant and toddler microbiota in the M-SHIME®. At the metabolic level, while decreasing branched-chain fatty acids, 2’-FL strongly increased acetate production together with increases in the health-related propionate and butyrate whilst gas production only mildly increased. Notably, consistently lower gas production was observed with 2’-FL fermentation as compared to lactose, suggesting that reduced discomfort during the dynamic microbiome establishment in early life may be an advantage along with the bifidogenic effect observed.

scholarly journals Total flavone of Abelmoschus Manihot improves colitis by promoting the growth of Akkermansia in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Bu ◽  
Yang Ding ◽  
Tuo Chen ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), a compound extracted from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic, has been widely used for the treatment of Crohn's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis and other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TFA on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 2.5% DSS in drinking water to induce colitis. Mice were orally administered TFA (62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg) or prednisone acetate (PAT, 2.5 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days. Biological samples were collected for analysis of inflammatory cytokines, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity. TFA-H (125 mg/kg) markedly attenuated DSS-induced colon shortening and histological injury in experimental colitis. The therapeutic effect was similar to that of PAT administration. TFA-H notably modulated the dysbiosis of gut microbiota induced by DSS and greatly enriched Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). Moreover, TFA-H remarkably ameliorated the colonic inflammatory response and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Interestingly, TFA directly promotes the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro. Taken together, the results revealed for the first time that TFA, as a prebiotic of A. muciniphila, improved DSS-induced experimental colitis, at least partly by modulating the gut microflora profile to maintain colonic integrity and inhibit the inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Contribution of the gut microbiota to the regulation of host metabolism and energy balance: a focus on the gut–liver axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Delzenne ◽  
C. Knudsen ◽  
M. Beaumont ◽  
J. Rodriguez ◽  
A. M. Neyrinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Metabolic Cooperation ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

This review presents mechanistic studies performed in vitro and in animal models, as well as data obtained in patients that contribute to a better understanding of the impact of nutrients interacting with the gut microbiota on metabolic and behavioural alterations linked to obesity. The gut microbiota composition and function are altered in several pathological conditions including obesity and related diseases i.e. non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). The gut–liver axis is clearly influenced by alterations of the gut barrier that drives inflammation. In addition, recent papers propose that specific metabolites issued from the metabolic cooperation between the gut microbes and host enzymes, modulate inflammation and gene expression in the liver. This review illustrates how dietary intervention with prebiotics or probiotics influences host energy metabolism and inflammation. Indeed, intervention studies are currently underway in obese and NAFLD patients to unravel the relevance of the changes in gut microbiota composition in the management of metabolic and behavioural disorders by nutrients interacting with the gut microbiota. In conclusion, diet is among the main triggers of NAFLD and the gut microbiota is modified accordingly, underlining the importance of the concomitant study of the nutrients and microbial impact on liver health and metabolism, in order to propose innovative, clinically relevant, therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Total flavone of Abelmoschus Manihot improves colitis by promoting growth of Akkermansia in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Bu ◽  
Yang Ding ◽  
Tuo Chen ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
First Time

Abstract The total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), a compound extracted from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic, has been widely used for the treatment of Crohn's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis and other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TFA on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced experimental colitis. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 2.5% DSS in drinking water to induce colitis. Mice were orally administrated with TFA (62.5mg/kg, 125mg/kg) or prednisone acetate (PAT, 2.5mg/kg) once daily for 7 days. Biological samples were collected for analysis of inflammation cytokines, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity. TFA-H (125mg/kg) markedly attenuated DSS-induced colon shortening and histological injury in experimental colitis. The therapeutic effect was similar with PAT administration. TFA-H notably modulated the dysbiosis of gut microbiota induced by DSS and greatly enriched the Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). Moreover, TFA-H remarkably ameliorated colonic inflammatory response and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Interestingly, TFA directly promotes the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro. Taken together, the results for the first time revealed that TFA, as a prebiotic of A. muciniphila, improved DSS-induced experimental colitis, at least partly through modulating gut microflora profile to maintain the colonic integrity and inhibit inflammation response.

scholarly journals Plectin ensures intestinal epithelial integrity and protects colon against colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-702
Author(s):  
Alzbeta Krausova ◽  
Petra Buresova ◽  
Lenka Sarnova ◽  
Gizem Oyman-Eyrilmez ◽  
Jozef Skarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Protein Profiling ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

AbstractPlectin, a highly versatile cytolinker protein, provides tissues with mechanical stability through the integration of intermediate filaments (IFs) with cell junctions. Here, we hypothesize that plectin-controlled cytoarchitecture is a critical determinant of the intestinal barrier function and homeostasis. Mice lacking plectin in an intestinal epithelial cell (IEC; PleΔIEC) spontaneously developed colitis characterized by extensive detachment of IECs from the basement membrane (BM), increased intestinal permeability, and inflammatory lesions. Moreover, plectin expression was reduced in the colons of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and negatively correlated with the severity of colitis. Mechanistically, plectin deficiency in IECs led to aberrant keratin filament (KF) network organization and the formation of dysfunctional hemidesmosomes (HDs) and intercellular junctions. In addition, the hemidesmosomal α6β4 integrin (Itg) receptor showed attenuated association with KFs, and protein profiling revealed prominent downregulation of junctional constituents. Consistent with the effects of plectin loss in the intestinal epithelium, plectin-deficient IECs exhibited remarkably reduced mechanical stability and limited adhesion capacity in vitro. Feeding mice with a low-residue liquid diet that reduced mechanical stress and antibiotic treatment successfully mitigated epithelial damage in the PleΔIEC colon.

scholarly journals Short- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Fecal Markers for Microbiota Activity in Vegans and Omnivores

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1808
Author(s):  
Iris Trefflich ◽  
Stefan Dietrich ◽  
Annett Braune ◽  
Klaus Abraham ◽  
Cornelia Weikert
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

A vegan diet could impact microbiota composition and bacterial metabolites like short-chain (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA). The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of SCFA, BCFA, ammonia, and fecal pH between vegans and omnivores. In this cross-sectional study (vegans n = 36; omnivores n = 36), microbiota composition, fecal SCFA, BCFA, and ammonia concentrations and pH were analyzed in complete stool samples. A random forest regression (RFR) was used to identify bacteria predicting SCFA/BCFA concentrations in vegans and omnivores. No significant differences in SCFA and BCFA concentrations were observed between vegans and omnivores. Fecal pH (p = 0.005) and ammonia concentration (p = 0.01) were significantly lower in vegans than in omnivores, while fiber intake was higher (p < 0.0001). Shannon diversity was higher in omnivores compared to vegans on species level (p = 0.04) only. In vegans, a cluster of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Prevotella copri, Dialister spp., and Eubacterium spp. was predictive for SCFA and BCFA concentrations. In omnivores, Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Ruminococcus spp., and Prevotella copri were predictive. Though SCFA and BCFA did not differ between vegans and omnivores, the results of the RFR suggest that bacterial functionality may be adapted to varying nutrient availability in these diets.

scholarly journals Chicken-eaters and pork-eaters have different gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shi ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Galia Zamaratskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in feces between volunteers who frequently ate chicken and who frequently ate pork. Twenty male chicken-eaters and 20 male pork-eaters of 18 and 30 years old were recruited to collect feces samples for analyses of gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. Chicken-eaters had more diverse gut microbiota and higher abundance of Prevotella 9, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella 2. However, pork-eaters had higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, and Ruminococcus 2. In addition, chicken-eaters had high contents of skatole and indole in feces than pork-eaters, as well as higher contents of total short chain fatty acids, in particular for acetic acid, propionic acid, and branched chain fatty acids. The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Prevotella 2 and Prevotella 9 was positively correlated with levels of fecal skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids. Thus, intake of chicken diet may increase the risk of skatole- and indole-induced diseases by altering gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Feeding diversified protein sources exacerbates hepatic insulin resistance via increased gut microbial branched-chain fatty acids and mTORC1 signaling in obese mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice S.-Y. Choi ◽  
Noëmie Daniel ◽  
Vanessa P. Houde ◽  
Adia Ouellette ◽  
Bruno Marcotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mtorc1 Signaling ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Mixed Protein ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractAnimal models of human diseases are classically fed purified diets that contain casein as the unique protein source. We show that provision of a mixed protein source mirroring that found in the western diet exacerbates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by potentiating hepatic mTORC1/S6K1 signaling as compared to casein alone. These effects involve alterations in gut microbiota as shown by fecal microbiota transplantation studies. The detrimental impact of the mixed protein source is also linked with early changes in microbial production of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) and elevated plasma and hepatic acylcarnitines, indicative of aberrant mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We further show that the BCFA, isobutyric and isovaleric acid, increase glucose production and activate mTORC1/S6K1 in hepatocytes. Our findings demonstrate that alteration of dietary protein source exerts a rapid and robust impact on gut microbiota and BCFA with significant consequences for the development of obesity and insulin resistance.

A Crucial Role for Diet in the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Attaye ◽  
Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma ◽  
Hilde Herrema ◽  
Max Nieuwdorp
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target to beneficially modulate CMD risk, possibly via dietary interventions. Dietary interventions have been shown to considerably alter gut microbiota composition and function. Moreover, several diet-derived microbial metabolites are able to modulate human metabolism and thereby alter CMD risk. Dietary interventions that affect gut microbiota composition and function are therefore a promising, novel, and cost-efficient method to reduce CMD risk. Studies suggest that fermentable carbohydrates can beneficially alter gut microbiota composition and function, whereas high animal protein and high fat intake negatively impact gut microbiota function and composition. This review focuses on the role of macronutrients (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat) and dietary patterns (e.g., vegetarian/vegan and Mediterranean diet) in gut microbiota composition and function in the context of CMD.

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