scholarly journals Human Milk Exosomal MicroRNA: Associations with Maternal Overweight/Obesity and Infant Body Composition at 1 Month of Life

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Kruti B. Shah ◽  
Steven D. Chernausek ◽  
Lori D. Garman ◽  
Nathan P. Pezant ◽  
Jasmine F. Plows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Maternal Overweight ◽  
The Impact

Among all the body fluids, breast milk is one of the richest sources of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs packaged within the milk exosomes are bioavailable to breastfeeding infants. The role of miRNAs in determining infant growth and the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on human milk (HM) miRNAs is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on select miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-30b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-let-7a and miR-32) involved in adipogenesis and glucose metabolism and to examine the relationship of these miRNAs with measures of infant body composition in the first 6 months of life. Milk samples were collected from a cohort of 60 mothers (30 normal-weight [NW] and 30 overweight [OW]/obese [OB]) at 1-month and a subset of 48 of these at 3 months of lactation. Relative abundance of miRNA was determined using real-time PCR. The associations between the miRNAs of interest and infant weight and body composition at one, three, and six months were examined after adjusting for infant gestational age, birth weight, and sex. The abundance of miR-148a and miR-30b was lower by 30% and 42%, respectively, in the OW/OB group than in the NW group at 1 month. miR-148a was negatively associated with infant weight, fat mass, and fat free mass, while miR-30b was positively associated with infant weight, percent body fat, and fat mass at 1 month. Maternal obesity is negatively associated with the content of select miRNAs in human milk. An association of specific miRNAs with infant body composition was observed during the first month of life, suggesting a potential role in the infant’s adaptation to enteral nutrition.

scholarly journals Maternal obesity and offspring body composition by indirect methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 2073-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Castillo-Laura ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Lenice C. M. Quadros ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Body Fat Percent ◽  
Maternal Overweight

Abstract This study reviewed the evidence that assessed the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain and offspring body composition in childhood. A systematic review was conducted. Cohort studies, case-control studies and randomized controlled trials measuring offspring body composition by indirect methods were included. Meta-analyses of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on offspring fat-free mass, body fat percent, and fat mass were conducted through random-effects models. 20 studies were included, most of which reported a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring body fat. Standardized mean differences in body fat percent, fat mass and fat-free mass between infants of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and those of overweight/obese women were 0.31 percent points (95%CI: 0.19; 0.42), 0.38kg (95%CI: 0.26; 0.50), and 0.18kg (95%CI: -0.07; 0.42), respectively. Evidence so far suggests that pre-pregnancy maternal overweight is associated with higher offspring adiposity.

scholarly journals Body composition in childhood: effects of normal growth and disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Increased Risk

Body composition in children is of increasing interest within the contexts of childhood obesity, clinical management of patients and nutritional programming as a pathway to adult disease. Energy imbalance appears to be common in many disease states; however, body composition is not routinely measured in patients. Traditionally, clinical interest has focused on growth or nutritional status, whereas more recent studies have quantified fat mass and lean mass. The human body changes in proportions and chemical composition during childhood and adolescence. Most of the weight gain comprises lean mass rather than fat. In general, interest has focused on percentage fat, and less attention has been paid to the way in which lean mass varies within and between individuals. In the general population secular trends in BMI have been widely reported, indicating increasing levels of childhood obesity, which have been linked to reduced physical activity. However, lower activity levels may potentially lead not only to increased fatness, but also to reduced lean mass. This issue merits further investigation. Diseases have multiple effects on body composition and may influence fat-free mass and/or fat mass. In some diseases both components change in the same direction, whereas in other diseases, the changes are contradictory and may be concealed by relatively normal weight. Improved techniques are required for clinical evaluations. Both higher fatness and reduced lean mass may represent pathways to an increased risk of adult disease.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

scholarly journals The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Macronutrient Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela E. Leghi ◽  
Merryn J. Netting ◽  
Philippa F. Middleton ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Donna T. Geddes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Maternal Overweight ◽  
The Impact

Maternal obesity has been associated with changes in the macronutrient concentration of human milk (HM), which have the potential to promote weight gain and increase the long-term risk of obesity in the infant. This article aimed to provide a synthesis of studies evaluating the effects of maternal overweight and obesity on the concentrations of macronutrients in HM. EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Two authors conducted screening, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. A total of 31 studies (5078 lactating women) were included in the qualitative synthesis and nine studies (872 lactating women) in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, maternal body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measurements were associated with higher HM fat and lactose concentrations at different stages of lactation, whereas protein concentration in HM did not appear to differ between overweight and/or obese and normal weight women. However, given the considerable variability in the results between studies and low quality of many of the included studies, further research is needed to establish the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on HM composition. This is particularly relevant considering potential implications of higher HM fat concentration on both growth and fat deposition during the first few months of infancy and long-term risk of obesity.

scholarly journals Safety and Feasibility of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Effects on Nutritional Status and Circulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4013
Author(s):  
Francesca Valdemarin ◽  
Irene Caffa ◽  
Angelica Persia ◽  
Anna Laura Cremonini ◽  
Lorenzo Ferrando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Factors

In preclinical studies, fasting was found to potentiate the effects of several anticancer treatments, and early clinical studies indicated that patients may benefit from regimes of modified fasting. However, concerns remain over possible negative impact on the patients’ nutritional status. We assessed the feasibility and safety of a 5-day “Fasting-Mimicking Diet” (FMD) as well as its effects on body composition and circulating growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines in cancer patients. In this single-arm, phase I/II clinical trial, patients with solid or hematologic malignancy, low nutritional risk and undergoing active medical treatment received periodic FMD cycles. The body weight, handgrip strength and body composition were monitored throughout the study. Growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines were assessed by ELISA. Ninety patients were enrolled, and FMD was administered every three weeks/once a month with an average of 6.3 FMD cycles/patient. FMD was largely safe with only mild side effects. The patients’ weight and handgrip remained stable, the phase angle and fat-free mass increased, while the fat mass decreased. FMD reduced the serum c-peptide, IGF1, IGFBP3 and leptin levels, while increasing IGFBP1, and these modifications persisted for weeks beyond the FMD period. Thus, periodic FMD cycles are feasible and can be safely combined with standard antineoplastic treatments in cancer patients at low nutritional risk. The FMD resulted in reduced fat mass, insulin production and circulating IGF1 and leptin. This trial was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov in July 2018 with the identifier NCT03595540.

scholarly journals Human Milk Casein and Whey Protein and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Wan J. Tie ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
Leigh C. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Daily Intakes

Human milk (HM) influences infant feeding patterns and body composition (BC). This small proof-of concept longitudinal study investigated relationships between infant/maternal BC and HM casein, whey and total protein during the first 12 months of lactation. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2 (n = 15), 5 (n = 20), 9 (n = 19), and/or 12 (n = 18) months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Proteins concentrations and 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Higher maternal weight, body mass index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index were associated with higher concentration of whey protein (p ≤ 0.034, n = 20). There were no associations between infant BC and concentrations of all proteins, and CDI of whey and total protein. Higher CDI of casein were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (p = 0.003, n = 18) and higher fat mass (p < 0.001), fat mass index (p = 0.001, n = 18), and % fat mass (p < 0.001, n = 18) measured with ultrasound skinfolds. These results show a differential effect of HM casein on development of infant BC during the first year of life, suggesting that there is a potential to improve outcome for the infant through interventions, such as continuation of breastfeeding during the first 12 months of life and beyond, which may facilitate favourable developmental programming that could reduce risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

scholarly journals Body composition among long distance runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Joana Rosado ◽  
João P. Duarte ◽  
Paulo Sousa-e-Silva ◽  
Daniela C. Costa ◽  
Diogo V. Martinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the body composition of adult male ultra-trail runners (UTR) according to their level of participation (regional UTR-R, vs. national UTR-N). METHODS The sample was composed of 44 adult male UTR (aged 36.5±7.2 years; UTR-R: n=25; UTR-N: n=19). Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. A comparison between the groups was performed using independent samples t-test. RESULTS Significant differences between groups contrasting in the competitive level were found for chronological age (in years; UTR-R: 38.8±8.2 vs. UTR-N: 33.5±4.1); body density (in L.kg-1; UTR-R: 1.062±0.015 vs. UTR-N: 1.074±0.009); and fat mass (in kg; UTR-R: 12.7±6.8 vs. UTR-N: 7.6±2.7). CONCLUSION UTR-N were younger, presented higher values for body density, and had less fat mass, although no significant differences were found for fat-free mass. The current study evidenced the profile of long-distance runners and the need for weight management programs to regulate body composition.

scholarly journals The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Macronutrient Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 773-773
Author(s):  
Gabriela Leghi ◽  
Merryn J Netting ◽  
Philippa F Middleton ◽  
Mary E Wlodek ◽  
Donna T Geddes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Maternal Overweight ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives This article aimed to provide a synthesis of studies evaluating the effects of maternal overweight and obesity, including body mass index (BMI) and other measures of adiposity, on the concentrations of macronutrients (fat, protein and lactose) in human milk (HM). Methods EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Two authors conducted screening, data extraction and quality assessment independently. Meta-analyses of eligible studies were conducted using Review Manager software version 5.3. Results A total of 31 studies (5078 lactating women) were included in the qualitative synthesis and 9 studies (872 lactating women) in the quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis indicated that maternal overweight and obesity were associated with higher concentrations of fat in mature HM (p = 0.01) and lactose in colostrum (p = 0.002). While the qualitative analyses broadly supported the findings of the meta-analysis, the qualitative assessment identified considerable variability in the results between studies and low quality of many of the included studies, making it difficult to draw robust conclusions. Conclusions Overall, maternal BMI and adiposity measurements were associated with differences in the concentrations of fat and lactose in HM, however the direction of change was dependent on the stage of lactation, whereas protein concentration in HM did not appear to differ between overweight and/or obese and normal weight women. This is particularly relevant considering potential implications of higher HM fat concentration on both growth and fat deposition during the first few months of infancy and long-term risk of obesity. Funding Sources GEL was supported by a FOODplus Early Life Nutrition Scholarship, The University of Adelaide. BSM received a Career Development Award from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC).

scholarly journals Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Fernando ◽  
Jessica Zibellini ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Radhika Seimon ◽  
Amanda Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Maternal Nutrition and Body Composition During Breastfeeding: Association with Human Milk Composition

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura ◽  
Aneta Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna ◽  
Gabriela Olędzka ◽  
Dorota Szostak-Węgierek ◽  
Halina Weker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Dietary Record

The composition of human milk is dynamic and can vary according to many maternal factors, such as diet and nutritional status. This study investigated the association of maternal nutrition and body composition with human milk composition. All measurements and analyses were done at three time points: during the first (n = 40), third (n = 22), and sixth (n = 15) month of lactation. Human milk was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer (HMA), body composition was measured with bioelectrical bioimpedance (BIA) using a Maltron BioScan 920-II, and the assessment of women’s nutrition was based on a three-day dietary record. The correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) did not show a significant statistical relationship between human milk composition and nutrients in women’s diet at three time points. For women in the third month postpartum, we observed moderate to strong significant correlations (r ranged from 0.47 to 0.64) between total protein content in milk and the majority of body composition measures as follows: positive correlations: % fat mass (r = 0.60; p = 0.003), fat-free mass expressed in kg (r = 0.63; p = 0.001), and muscle mass (r = 0.47; p = 0.027); and negative correlation: % total body water (r = −0.60; p = 0.003). The variance in milk fat content was related to the body mass index (BMI), with a significant positive correlation in the first month postpartum (r = 0.33; p = 0.048). These findings suggest that it is not diet, but rather the maternal body composition that may be associated with the nutritional value of human milk.

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