scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet as a Preventive and Supportive Care for COVID-19 Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Elena Gangitano ◽  
Rossella Tozzi ◽  
Orietta Gandini ◽  
Mikiko Watanabe ◽  
Sabrina Basciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Respiratory Conditions

Severe obesity is associated with an increased risk of admission to intensive care units and need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. The association of obesity and COVID-19 prognosis may be related to many different factors, such as chronic systemic inflammation, the predisposition to severe respiratory conditions and viral infections. The ketogenic diet is an approach that can be extremely effective in reducing body weight and visceral fat in the short term, preserving the lean mass and reducing systemic inflammation. Therefore, it is a precious preventive measure for severely obese people and may be considered as an adjuvant therapy for patients with respiratory compromise.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet for Obese COVID-19 Patients: Is Respiratory Disease a Contraindication? A Narrative Review of the Literature on Ketogenic Diet and Respiratory Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Gangitano ◽  
Rossella Tozzi ◽  
Stefania Mariani ◽  
Andrea Lenzi ◽  
Lucio Gnessi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Morbid Obese ◽  
Fat Diets

Morbid obese people are more likely to contract SARS-CoV-2 infection and its most severe complications, as need for mechanical ventilation. Ketogenic Diet (KD) is able to induce a fast weight loss preserving lean mass and is particularly interesting as a preventive measure in obese patients. Moreover, KD has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, which may help in preventing the cytokine storm in infected patients. Respiratory failure is actually considered a contraindication for VLCKD, a very-low calorie form of KD, but in the literature there are some data reporting beneficial effects on respiratory parameters from ketogenic and low-carbohydrate high-fat diets. KD may be helpful in reducing ventilatory requirements in respiratory patients, so it should be considered in specifically addressed clinical trials as an adjuvant therapy for obese patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Francesco Menzella ◽  
Giulia Ghidoni ◽  
Carla Galeone ◽  
Silvia Capobelli ◽  
Chiara Scelfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Increased Risk

Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don’t have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.

scholarly journals Poliovirus excretion among children with primary immune deficiency in Pakistan: a pilot surveillance study protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e045904
Author(s):  
Asma Sadruddin Pethani ◽  
Zaubina Kazi ◽  
Ujala Nayyar ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq-ur-Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Yousafzai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Primary Immune Deficiency ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Poster Presentations ◽  
Study Context

IntroductionChildren with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are more susceptible to developing viral infections and are at a substantially increased risk of developing paralytic poliomyelitis. Such children, if given oral polio vaccines tend to excrete poliovirus chronically that may lead to the propagation of highly divergent vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Consequently, they may act as a reservoir for the community by introducing an altered virus potentially imposing a risk to global polio eradication. However, the risks of chronic and prolonged excretion are not well characterised in the study context. This study seeks to establish a pilot surveillance system for successful identification and monitoring of VDPV excretion among children with PID. It will assess whether the Jeffrey Modell warning signs of PID can be used as an appropriate screening tool for PID in Pakistan.Methods and analysisIn this pilot surveillance, recruitment of PID cases is currently done at participating hospitals in Pakistan. Potential children are screened and tested against the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) warning signs for immunodeficiency and their stool is collected to test for poliovirus excretion. Cases excreting poliovirus are followed until the two consecutive negative stool samples are obtained over a period of 6 months. The data will be analysed to calculate hospital-based proportions of total Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases over a 2-year period and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the JMF signs.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was reviewed and approved by the WHO (WHO Reference-2018/811124-0), Aga Khan University (AKU ERC-2018-0380-1029) and National Bioethics Committee (Ref No. 4-87 NBC-308-Y2). The results will be published in an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented to the iVDPV Working Group members, policy-makers, paediatric consultants and fellow researchers with the same domain interest. It may be presented in scientific conferences and seminars in the form of oral or poster presentations.

scholarly journals Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski ◽  
Paulina M. Nowaczyk ◽  
Natalia Główka ◽  
Anna Ziobrowska ◽  
Tomasz Podgórski
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Performance

This single-arm interventional study examined the effect of a 4-week ketogenic diet (KD) on aerobic capacity and discipline-specific performance in female (n = 11) and male (n = 11) CrossFit-trained athletes. The participants performed incremental cycling (ICT) and Fight Gone Bad (FGB) tests after consuming a customary diet and a KD. Pre- and post-ICT exercise blood samples were also analysed. Consuming a KD had a slight impact on aerobic capacity and no relevant effect on CrossFit-specific performance. In females, consuming a KD led to an 10.4% decrease in peak oxygen uptake during the ICT (p = 0.027) and resulted in certain alterations in haematological parameters (haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular HGB, and mean corpuscular HGB concentration). Furthermore, in males, alanine aminotransferase activity increased with a simultaneous improvement in the post-ICT blood acid–base balance after consuming a KD. The pre-exercise bilirubin concentration was also elevated in the entire group after consuming a KD. In conclusion, female CrossFit-trained athletes seem to be prone to aerobic performance decrements and increased risk of developing haematological disturbances when consuming a KD. In males who consumed a KD, there was an undesirable alanine aminotransferase elevation and a small tendency towards improved acid–base status. Moreover, consuming a KD had no effect on discipline-specific performance in CrossFit-trained athletes.

51: INCREASED RISK OF MENTAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD INVASIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
Andrew Geneslaw ◽  
Yewei Lu ◽  
May Hua ◽  
Caleb Miles ◽  
Jeffrey Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Immunometabolic Status of COVID-19 Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1839-1850
Author(s):  
A. Sica ◽  
M. P. Colombo ◽  
A. Trama ◽  
L. Horn ◽  
M. C. Garassino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Activation ◽  
Nad Metabolism ◽  
Increased Risk

Cancer patients appear to be more likely to be diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is supported by the understanding of immunometabolic pathways that intersect patients with infection and cancer. However, data derived by case series and retrospective studies do not offer a coherent interpretation, since data from China suggest an increased risk of COVID-19, while data from the United States and Italy show a prevalence of COVID-19 in cancer patients comparable with the general population. Noteworthy, cancer and COVID-19 exploit distinct patterns of macrophage activation that promote disease progression in the most severe forms. In particular, the alternative activation of M2-polarized macrophages plays a crucial role in cancer progression. In contrast, the macrophage-activation syndrome appears as the source of M1-related cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 disease, thus indicating macrophages as a source of distinct inflammatory states in the two diseases, nonetheless as a common therapeutic target. New evidence indicates that NAMPT/NAD metabolism can direct both innate immune cell effector functions and the homeostatic robustness, in both cancer and infection. Moreover, a bidirectional relationship exists between the metabolism of NAD and the protective role that angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the COVID-19 receptor, can play against hyperinflammation. Within this immunometabolic framework, the review considers possible interference mechanisms that viral infections and tumors elicit on therapies and provides an overview for the management of patients with cancer affected by COVID-19, particularly for the balance of risk and benefit when planning normally routine cancer treatments and follow-up appointments.

scholarly journals Mannan-Binding Lectin Levels and Activity Are Not Altered in Atopic Dermatitis Patients with a History of Eczema Herpeticum

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemp W. Bundy ◽  
Laura Y. McGirt ◽  
Lora G. Bankova ◽  
Andreas Wollenberg ◽  
Lisa A. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Eczema Herpeticum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mannan Binding Lectin ◽  
Binding Lectin

Background. Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a potentially serious, systemic complication in subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD) caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). The innate immune dysregulation that predisposes these subjects to cutaneous viral infections is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that defects in mannan-binding lectin (MBL) may be associated with an increased risk of EH.Methods. We evaluated serum MBL levels and functional activity in 13 AD subjects with a history of EH (EH+) and 21 AD subjects with no history of EH (EH−). MBL levels were detected by enzyme immunoassay. MBL pathway functional activity was evaluated by determining MBL C4b deposition capacity.Results. We found no statistical difference in MBL serum levels or function between EH+ and EH− groups.Conclusion. Considering the limitations of this study (e.g., small samples size) our findings suggest that MBL defects do not play a role in EH.

scholarly journals Lower-Limb Joint Coordination Pattern in Obese Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Ranavolo ◽  
Lorenzo M. Donini ◽  
Silvia Mari ◽  
Mariano Serrao ◽  
Alessio Silvetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Joint Coordination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Coupling Parameters ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Time Distance

The coordinative pattern is an important feature of locomotion that has been studied in a number of pathologies. It has been observed that adaptive changes in coordination patterns are due to both external and internal constraints. Obesity is characterized by the presence of excess mass at pelvis and lower-limb areas, causing mechanical constraints that central nervous system could manage modifying the physiological interjoint coupling relationships. Since an altered coordination pattern may induce joint diseases and falls risk, the aim of this study was to analyze whether and how coordination during walking is affected by obesity. We evaluated interjoint coordination during walking in 25 obese subjects as well as in a control group. The time-distance parameters and joint kinematics were also measured. When compared with the control group, obese people displayed a substantial similarity in joint kinematic parameters and some differences in the time-distance and in the coupling parameters. Obese subjects revealed higher values in stride-to-stride intrasubjects variability in interjoint coupling parameters, whereas the coordinative mean pattern was unaltered. The increased variability in the coupling parameters is associated with an increased risk of falls and thus should be taken into account when designing treatments aimed at restoring a normal locomotion pattern.

scholarly journals Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: the role of diet

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (10A) ◽  
pp. 1164-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Bulló ◽  
Patricia Casas-Agustench ◽  
Pilar Amigó-Correig ◽  
Javier Aranceta ◽  
Jordi Salas-Salvadó
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe adipocyte metabolism has been shown to change during the fat enlargement process associated to obesity. Several procoagulant proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, tissue factor or factor VII and also inducible nitric oxide synthase show higher expression in adipose tissue of obese people in comparison to lean. This overexpression could explain at least a part of the atherogenic and cardiovascular risk associated with obesity.In addition to cytokine secretion, many other features have been observed to be common to adipocyte and monocyte/macrophage lines: for example, phagocytic and microbicidal activities, and possibly a cellular plasticity of adipose precursors.Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of such metabolic abnormalities as dyslipidemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, common features of the metabolic syndrome. Initially, insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia was suggested as the origin of these abnormalities. More recent studies indicate that adipokynes have an important role in obesity-associated metabolic complications, and suggest that chronically elevated local or systemic concentrations of adipokynes contribute to the development of complications associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.Considering all the evidence relating to diet and inflammation, the best diet for protecting against the metabolic derangements associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome would be high in fibre-rich cereals, fruit, vegetables, fish, virgin olive oil and nuts; moderate in wine; and low in meat, processed meat foods and trans-fatty acids.

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Systemic Inflammation Index, and Derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Independently Predict Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Need and Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1656
Author(s):  
Emanuel Moisa ◽  
Dan Corneci ◽  
Silvius Negoita ◽  
Cristina Raluca Filimon ◽  
Andreea Serbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio

Background: Hematological indices can predict disease severity, progression, and death in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Objectives: To study the predictive value of the dynamic changes (first 48 h after ICU admission) of the following ratios: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), systemic inflammation index (SII), and derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (dNLR) for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) need and death in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methods: Observational, retrospective, and multicentric analysis on 272 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 from two tertiary centers. Hematological indices were adjusted for confounders through multivariate analysis using Cox regression. Results: Patients comprised 186 males and 86 females with no difference across groups (p > 0.05). ΔNLR > 2 had the best independent predictive value for IMV need (HR = 5.05 (95% CI, 3.06–8.33, p < 0.0001)), followed by ΔSII > 340 (HR = 3.56, 95% CI 2.21–5.74, p < 0.0001) and ΔdNLR > 1 (HR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.7–4.01, p < 0.0001). Death was also best predicted by an NLR > 11 (HR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.31–3.86, p = 0.003) followed by dNLR > 6.93 (HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.2–2.98, p = 0.005) and SII > 3700 (HR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.13–2.49, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Dynamic changes of NLR, SII, and dNLR independently predict IMV need and death in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

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