scholarly journals Resistant Starch Type 2 from Wheat Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response with Concurrent Alterations in Gut Microbiota Composition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 645
Author(s):  
Riley L. Hughes ◽  
William H. Horn ◽  
Peter Finnegan ◽  
John W. Newman ◽  
Maria L. Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Standard Breakfast

The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has focused on sources derived from high-amylose maize. In this study, we conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of RS2 from wheat on glycemic response, an important indicator of metabolic health, and the gut microbiota. Overall, consumption of RS2-enriched wheat rolls for one week resulted in reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses relative to conventional wheat when participants were provided with a standard breakfast meal containing the respective treatment rolls (RS2-enriched or conventional wheat). This was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of bacterial taxa Ruminococcus and Gemmiger in the fecal contents, reflecting the composition in the distal intestine. Additionally, fasting breath hydrogen and methane were increased during RS2-enriched wheat consumption. However, although changes in fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were not significant between control and RS-enriched wheat roll consumption, butyrate and total SCFAs were positively correlated with relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ruminoccocus, Roseburia, and Barnesiellaceae. These effects show that RS2-enriched wheat consumption results in a reduction in postprandial glycemia, altered gut microbial composition, and increased fermentation activity relative to wild-type wheat.

Resistant starch type-2 enriched cookies modulate uremic toxins and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 2617-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Esgalhado ◽  
Julie Ann Kemp ◽  
Bruna R. de Paiva ◽  
Jessyca Sousa Brito ◽  
Ludmila F. M. F. Cardozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Double Blind

The study evaluated the effect of resistant starch enriched cookies supplementation on the mRNA expression of nuclear transcription factors involved with inflammation and uremic toxins levels produced by the gut microbiota in hemodialysis patients.

scholarly journals Does des-acyl ghrelin improve glycemic control in obese diabetic subjects by decreasing acylated ghrelin levels?

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behiye Özcan ◽  
Sebastian J C M M Neggers ◽  
Anne Reifel Miller ◽  
Hsiu-Chiung Yang ◽  
Virginia Lucaites ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Standard Breakfast

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous overnight infusion of des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) on acylated ghrelin (AG) levels and glucose and insulin responses to a standard breakfast meal (SBM) in eight overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, in the same patients and two additional subjects, the effects of DAG infusion on AG concentrations and insulin sensitivity during a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp (HEC) were assessed.Research design and methodsA double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study design was implemented, using overnight continuous infusions of 3 and 10 μg DAG/kg per h and placebo to study the effects on a SBM. During a HEC, we studied the insulin sensitivity.ResultsWe observed that, compared with placebo, overnight DAG administration significantly decreased postprandial glucose levels, both during continuous glucose monitoring and at peak serum glucose levels. The degree of improvement in glycemia was correlated with baseline plasma AG concentrations. Concurrently, DAG infusion significantly decreased fasting and postprandial AG levels. During the HEC, 2.5 h of DAG infusion markedly decreased AG levels, and the M-index, a measure of insulin sensitivity, was significantly improved in the six subjects in whom we were able to attain steady-state euglycemia. DAG administration was not accompanied by many side effects when compared with placebo.ConclusionsDAG administration improves glycemic control in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes through the suppression of AG levels. DAG is a good candidate for the development of compounds in the treatment of metabolic disorders or other conditions with a disturbed AG:DAG ratio, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or Prader–Willi syndrome.

scholarly journals Effect Modification by the Gut Microbiota on Metabolic Response to Resistant Starch (RS) Wheat Supplementation (FS11-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley Hughes ◽  
Maria Marco ◽  
Mary Kable ◽  
Nancy Keim
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Breath Hydrogen ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study is to determine whether features of individuals’ baseline gut microbiota modify the effect of a resistant starch (RS) intervention on post-prandial glycemic response and other metabolic markers that have been linked to gut microbial action (i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), bile acids, breath hydrogen/methane). Methods Metabolic responses and 16S rRNA gene data generated from a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial of RS and regular wheat will be used to investigate whether baseline features of the microbiota are correlated with inter-individual differences in the effect of RS supplementation in individuals. Women and men consumed 3 or 4 rolls per day, respectively, made from RS (14–18 g total dietary fiber, TDF) or conventional wheat (4–5.5 g TDF) for 7 days during each arm of the trial duration. Linear mixed models of glycemic response and features of the gut microbiota hypothesized to modify the effect of the intervention as well as covariates (e.g., gender, habitual fiber intake) will be used to determine microbiota features associated with improvement in glycemic response as a result of RS supplementation. Results A total of 30 healthy adults ages 40–65 will be studied and 25 have completed the study thus far. Of the metabolic variables analyzed to date, a significant amount of inter-individual variability in the magnitude and direction of postprandial glycemia and breath hydrogen responses to RS wheat supplementation. For example, the intra-class correlations (ICC) of post-prandial glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC) were high, 42.07% and 52.86%, respectively. However, there was a significant overall effect of RS wheat on glycemic response such that postprandial insulin during RS supplementation was lower than during regular wheat consumption (P = 0.004). Conclusions The results of this study show a high degree of inter-individual variability in metabolic response to fiber (RS) supplementation, suggesting the presence of individual factors that modify the effect of the intervention. Future studies should incorporate this analysis into their statistical plan to validate these findings and contribute to the current literature on personalized nutrition and the gut microbiota. This will enable us to predict and potentially modify metabolic response to dietary components. Funding Sources Institute for Innovation and Health (IIFH) and Arcadia Biosciences. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Effect of Resistant Starch (RS) Wheat Supplementation on Satiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 403-403
Author(s):  
Riley Hughes ◽  
Leslie Woodhouse ◽  
Nancy Keim
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Subjective Measures ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Wheat Products

Abstract Objectives The objective of this analysis is to determine whether intake of wheat products high in resistant starch (RS) increase satiety relative to conventional wheat products via blunting of the glycemic response and stimulation of hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, or ghrelin. Methods Metabolic responses generated from a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial of RS and regular wheat were used to investigate whether RS supplementation affects subjective and objective measures of satiety relative to conventional wheat. Women and men consumed 3 or 4 rolls per day, respectively, made from RS (14–18 g total dietary fiber, TDF) or conventional wheat (4–5.5 g TDF) for 7 days during each arm of the trial. Linear mixed models of glycemic and satiety outcomes were used to determine the effect RS supplementation. Results A total of 30 healthy adults ages 40–65 completed the study. We observed a significant effect of RS wheat on glycemic response such that postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during RS supplementation were lower than during regular wheat consumption (P = 0.004, P < 0.001, respectively). Biological indicators of satiety showed lower iAUC and peak GIP (piAUC < 0.001, ppeak < 0.001) as well as higher fasting and peak PYY (pfasting = 0.004, ppeak = 0.004). There were no significant effects of treatment observed for ghrelin, leptin, or GLP-1. Additionally, there were no significant effects of treatment on subjective measures of fullness or hunger during test days (P = 0.57 and P = 0.20, respectively). Conclusions The results of this analysis indicate that RS supplementation is effective at blunting the postprandial glycemic response but has marginal effects on objective and subjective measures of satiety. Further research is needed to determine the potential effects of providing RS in different doses, volumes (e.g., supplement versus whole food), food matrix (e.g., pasta versus rolls), or duration of exposure on satiety. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the University of California Innovation Institute for Food and Health with gifts from Arcadia Biosciences and Ardent Mills.

scholarly journals Nutrient Extraction Lowers Postprandial Glucose Response of Fruit in Adults with Obesity as well as Healthy Weight Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Rabab Alkutbe ◽  
Kathy Redfern ◽  
Michael Jarvis ◽  
Gail Rees
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Eating Fruit ◽  
Nutrient Extraction

Fruit consumption is recommended as part of a healthy diet. However, consumption of fruit in the form of juice is positively associated with type 2 diabetes risk, possibly due to resulting hyperglycemia. In a recent study, fruit juice prepared by nutrient extraction, a process that retains the fiber component, was shown to elicit a favorable glycemic index (GI), compared to eating the fruit whole, in healthy weight adults. The current study expanded on this to include individuals with obesity, and assessed whether the nutrient extraction of seeded fruits reduced GI in a higher disease risk group. Nutrient extraction was shown to significantly lower GI, compared to eating fruit whole, in subjects with obesity (raspberry/mango: 25.43 ± 18.20 vs. 44.85 ± 20.18, p = 0.034 and passion fruit/mango (26.30 ± 25.72 vs. 42.56 ± 20.64, p = 0.044). Similar results were found in those of a healthy weight. In summary, the current study indicates that the nutrient-extraction of raspberries and passionfruit mixed with mango lowers the GI, not only in healthy weight individuals, but also in those with obesity, and supports further investigation into the potential for nutrient extraction to enable increased fruit intake without causing a high glycemic response.

scholarly journals Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response to a Cookie with or Without Added RS4 Wheat Starch After 3 Days of Pre-Feeding: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial (P08-081-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Jenkins ◽  
Clodualdo Maningat ◽  
Paul Seib ◽  
Janice Campbell ◽  
Adish Ezatagha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Gi Symptoms

Abstract Objectives Research on the effect of resistant starch on postprandial glucose levels has mainly focused on the attenuation achieved by substituting it for the available carbohydrate (avCarb), few studies have looked at the effect on glucose levels when the resistant starch is added to avCarb. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the acute effect on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia of a cross-linked RS4 wheat starch (Fibersym® RW) in a test cookie compared to a control cookie matched for available carbohydrate after a 3-day habituation period. Methods This study used a double blind, randomized, cross-over design. Nineteen healthy subjects were screened of which 16 were eligible and randomized into the study. A total of 15 subjects completed the study (5M:10F; 32 ± 11y; 24.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; BP 112/70 mmHg). After 3-day pre-feeding of Control (dietary fiber 1.6 g/d) or Fibersym sugar snap cookies (dietary fiber 29 g/d), the subjects, after an overnight fast, consumed either the respective Control or Fibersym cookie, both meals contained 40 g avCarb. Blood samples were collected over 2 h. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded during the pre-feeding period and during the postprandial visit. Subjective appetite scores were measured at the same time points when blood samples were collected. Results The 90-min blood glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was statistically significantly lower after ingesting the Fibersym cookie (71.9 ± 8.5 mmolxmin/L) compared to the Control cookie (86.7 ± 9.3 mmolxmin/L) (P < 0.02). In addition, the peak glucose concentrations at 30 and 45 min after consumption of the Fibersym cookie was significantly lower than the Control cookie (P < 0.05). Insulin levels at 90-min (P < 0.016) and the 2-h (P < 0.02) insulin IAUC's were significantly lower after consumption of the Fibersym cookie compared to the Control cookie. There were no significant differences in GI symptoms over the 3-day pre-feeding period and during the 2 h postprandial visit between the two cookies and neither did the appetite scores differ significantly. Conclusions The cross-linked RS4 wheat starch, Fibersym, when formulated into a cookie, is well tolerated and attenuates blood glucose and insulin levels in healthy subjects compared to a Control cookie containing the same amount of available carbohydrate. Funding Sources MGP Ingredients, Inc.

Health beneficial effects of resistant starch on diabetes and obesity via regulation of gut microbiota: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 5749-5767
Author(s):  
Huicui Liu ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Qingyu Ma ◽  
Baoming Tian ◽  
Chenxi Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Resistant starch (RS) is well known to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.

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