scholarly journals Hypothalamic Renin–Angiotensin System and Lipid Metabolism: Effects of Virgin Olive Oil versus Butter in the Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Ana Belén Segarra ◽  
Germán Domínguez-Vías ◽  
José Redondo ◽  
Magdalena Martínez-Cañamero ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Aminopeptidase A

The brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been recently involved in the homeostatic regulation of energy. Our goal was to analyse the influence of a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (butter) against one enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) on hypothalamic RAS, and their relationship with the metabolism of fatty acids. Increases in body weight and visceral fat, together with an increase in aminopeptidase A expression and reductions in AngII and AngIV were observed in the hypothalamus of animals fed with the butter diet. In this group, a marked reduction in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism (LPL, CD36, and CPT-1) was observed in liver and muscle. No changes were found in terms of body weight, total visceral fat and the expression of hepatic genes related to fatty acid metabolism in the olive oil diet. The expressions of LPL and CD36 were reduced in the muscles, although the decrease was lower than in the butter diet. At the same time, the fasting levels of leptin were reduced, no changes were observed in the hypothalamic expression of aminopeptidase A and decreases were noted in the levels of AngII, AngIV and AngIII. These results support that the type of dietary fat is able to modify the hypothalamic profile of RAS and the body energy balance, related to changes in lipid metabolism.

Plasma renin activity and forearm blood flow in paraplegic humans

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Freund ◽  
G. L. Brengelmann
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

We recently found that paraplegic humans respond to hyperthermia with subnormal increase in skin blood flow (SkBF), based on measurements of forearm blood flow (FBF). Is this inhibition of SkBF a defect in thermoregulation or a cardiovascular adjustment necessary for blood pressure control? Since high resting plasma renin activity (PRA) is found in unstressed individuals with spinal cord lesions and since PRA increases during hyperthermia in normal humans, we inquired whether the renin-angiotensin system is responsible for the attenuated FBF in hyperthermic resting paraplegics. Five subjects, 28–47 yr, with spinal transections (T1-T10), were heated in water-perfused suits. Blood samples for PRA determinations were collected during a control period and after internal temperature reached approximately 38 degrees C. Some subjects with markedly attenuated FBF had little or no elevation of PRA; those with the best-developed FBF response exhibited the highest PRA. Clearly, circulating angiotensin is not the agent that attenuates SkBF. Rather, increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system may be a favorable adaptation that counters the locally mediated SkBF increase in the lower body and thus allows controlled active vasodilation in the part of the body subject to centrally integrated sympathetic effector outflow.

scholarly journals The cortical collecting duct plays a pivotal role in kidney local renin-angiotensin system

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (17) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rózsa Csohány ◽  
Ágnes Prókai ◽  
Anna Kosik ◽  
J. Attila Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most important hormone systems in the body, and the regulations as well as the role in the juxtaglomerular apparatus are well known. The present review focuses on renin secretion in a recently described localization, the cortical collecting duct. The authors display it in parallel of the copying strategy of an adult and a developing kidney. Furthermore, based on different animal studies it highlights the local role of renin released from the collecting duct. In chronic angiotensin II-infused, 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertensive model as well as in diabetic rats the major source of (pro)renin is indeed the collecting duct. In this localization this hormone can reach both the systemic circulation and the interstitial renin-angiotensin system components including the newly described (pro)renin receptor, by which (pro)renin is able to locally activate pro-fibrotic intracellular signal pathways. Consequently, one can postulate that in the future renin may serve either as a new therapeutic target in nephropathy associated with both hypertension and diabetes or as an early diagnostic marker in chronic diseases leading to nephropathy. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 643–649.

scholarly journals The brain renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in regulating body weight in diet-induced obesity in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 173 (10) ◽  
pp. 1602-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Winkler ◽  
Johanna Schuchard ◽  
Ines Stölting ◽  
Florian M Vogt ◽  
Jörg Barkhausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
The Brain

A new strategy for treating hypertension by blocking the activity of the brain renin–angiotensin system with aminopeptidase A inhibitors

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Gao ◽  
Yannick Marc ◽  
Xavier Iturrioz ◽  
Vincent Leroux ◽  
Fabrice Balavoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antihypertensive Agents ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Aminopeptidase A ◽  
The Brain

Hypertension affects one-third of the adult population and is a growing problem due to the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes. Brain RAS (renin–angiotensin system) hyperactivity has been implicated in the development and maintenance of hypertension in several types of experimental and genetic hypertension animal models. We have identified in the brain RAS that APA (aminopeptidase A) and APN (aminopeptidase N), two membrane-bound zinc metalloproteases, are involved in the metabolism of AngII (angiotensin II) and AngIII (angiotensin III) respectively. The present review summarizes the main findings suggesting that AngIII plays a predominant role in the brain RAS in the control of BP (blood pressure). We first explored the organization of the APA active site by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling. The development and the use in vivo of specific and selective APA and APN inhibitors EC33 and PC18 respectively, has allowed the demonstration that brain AngIII generated by APA is one of the main effector peptides of the brain RAS, exerting a tonic stimulatory control over BP in conscious hypertensive rats. This identified brain APA as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension, which has led to the development of potent orally active APA inhibitors, such as RB150. RB150 administered orally in hypertensive DOCA (deoxycorticosteroneacetate)-salt rats or SHRs (spontaneously hypertensive rats) crosses the intestinal, hepatic and blood–brain barriers, enters the brain, generates two active molecules of EC33 which inhibit brain APA activity, block the formation of brain AngIII and normalize BP for several hours. The decrease in BP involves two different mechanisms: a decrease in vasopressin release into the bloodstream, which in turn increases diuresis resulting in a blood volume reduction that participates in the decrease in BP and/or a decrease in sympathetic tone, decreasing vascular resistance. RB150 constitutes the prototype of a new class of centrally acting antihypertensive agents and is currently being evaluated in a Phase Ib clinical trial.

Valproic acid prevents the deregulation of lipid metabolism and renal renin–angiotensin system in l-NAME induced nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 936-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiyagarajan Rajeshwari ◽  
Boobalan Raja ◽  
Jeganathan Manivannan ◽  
Thangarasu Silambarasan ◽  
Thanikkodi Dhanalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

scholarly journals The human-COVID-19 Tango: Connecting the Dots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Hamdi ◽  
Ensaf Abdaldayem
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Connecting The Dots

As the world grapples with a pandemic with various and expanding epicenters, a flurry of medical and scientific activity has gained speed and momentum in a race to halt COVID-19. A controversial topic has been the connection between COVID-19 and the Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS). COVID-19, like Sars before it, enters by way of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues in the body serving as the doorway by which the virus can enter and spread causing inflammatory havoc. Demographic evidence coming out of China and other locations make it clear that the elderly and those suffering cardiovascular complications such as hypertension etc are most at risk. The connection to RAS and the demographic nature of the data coming out has led many to advance hypothesis, recommendations and even therapies based on existing RAS inhibitors and other components of the renin-Angiotensin system. It is pertinent to review the literature in the context of our understanding of the renin-angiotesnin system to allow better judgements to be made as well as lines of research initiated advancing a quick resolution to COVID-19. Covid-19 appears invincible as if dipped in the river Styx, but even Achilles had a vulnerable heel. Understanding the homeostatic balance that the coronavirus disrupts, we can discover the arrow in corona’s heel.

The Human-Covid Tango: Connecting the Dots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Hamdi ◽  
Ensaf Abdaldayem
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Connecting The Dots

As the world grapples with a hot pandemic with various and expanding epicenters, a flurry of medical and scientific activity has gained speed and momentum in a race to halt Covid-19. Due to the urgency of the situation, publication peer review has been speeded up to get information published and turn the gears of research in search for a cure. A hot and controversial topic has been the connection between Covid-19 and the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Covid-19, like Sars before it, enters by way of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues in the body serving as the doorway by which the virus can enter and spread causing inflammatory havoc. Demographic evidence coming out of china and other locations make it clear that the elderly and those suffering cardiovascular complications such as hypertension etc are most at risk. The connection to RAS and the demographic nature of the data coming out has led many to advance hypothesis, recommendations and even therapies based on existing RAS inhibitors and other components of the renin-angiotensin system. It is pertinent to review the literature in the context of our understanding of the renin-angiotesnin system to allow better judgements to be made as well as lines of research initiated advancing a quick resolution to Covid-19.

scholarly journals Angiotensin Receptor Blockade Recovers Hepatic UCP2 Expression and Aconitase and SDH Activities and Ameliorates Hepatic Oxidative Damage in Insulin Resistant Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (12) ◽  
pp. 5746-5759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Montez ◽  
José Pablo Vázquez-Medina ◽  
Rubén Rodríguez ◽  
Max A. Thorwald ◽  
José A. Viscarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Ucp2 Expression ◽  
Long Evans

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is commonly associated with elevated renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and steatohepatitis with down-regulation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs). However, the mechanisms linking renin-angiotensin system, steatosis, and UCP2 to hepatic oxidative damage during insulin resistance are not described. To test the hypothesis that angiotensin receptor activation contributes to decreased hepatic UCP2 expression and aconitase activity and to increased oxidative damage after increased glucose intake in a model of MetS, lean and obese Long Evans rats (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) untreated Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (lean, strain control), 2) untreated Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) (MetS model), 3) OLETF + angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (10 mg olmesartan/kg·d × 6 wk), 4) OLETF + high glucose (HG) (5% in drinking water × 6 wk), and 5) OLETF + ARB + HG (ARB/HG × 6 wk). HG increased body mass (37%), plasma triglycerides (TGs) (35%), plasma glycerol (87%), plasma free fatty acids (28%), and hepatic nitrotyrosine (74%). ARB treatment in HG decreased body mass (12%), plasma TG (15%), plasma glycerol (23%), plasma free fatty acids (14%), and hepatic TG content (42%), suggesting that angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) activation and increased adiposity contribute to the development of obesity-related dyslipidemia. ARB in HG also decreased hepatic nitrotyrosine and increased hepatic UCP2 expression (59%) and aconitase activity (40%), as well as antioxidant enzyme activities (50-120%), suggesting that AT1 activation also contributes to protein oxidation, impaired lipid metabolism, and antioxidant metabolism in the liver. Thus, in addition to promoting obesity-related hypertension, AT1 activation may also impair lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity, resulting in steatosis via decreased UCP2 and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity.

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