scholarly journals Composition of Dietary Fatty Acids and Health Risks in Japanese Youths

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Masayuki Okuda ◽  
Aya Fujiwara ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

In the overall composition of dietary fatty acids (FAs), the quantity of each FA is interrelated with that of others. We examined the associations between dietary FA composition and cardiometabolic risk in Japanese youths. Risk factors (anthropometric characteristics, serum lipid and liver enzyme levels, and blood pressure) were measured in 5485 junior-high-school students. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The mean saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega-3 PUFAs intake were 9.6%E, 10.3%E, 6.3%E, and 1.1%E, respectively. In compositional regression analysis controlled for confounders, a high intake of omega-6 PUFAs relative to others was associated with low low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C; p = 0.003), and relative SFA intake was associated with high levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (p = 0.019). Relative omega-3 PUFAs intake was associated with low blood pressure (p = 0.005–0.034) but had unfavorable effects on adiposity and alanine transaminase. Substitutional models showed similar results for omega-6 PUFAs on LDL-C, but MUFA had inconsistent effects on risk factors. The results from the compositional data analysis were consistent with previous studies and clinical practice/knowledge. Focusing on increasing omega-6 PUFAs in Japanese youths could have favorable consequences in the long term.

scholarly journals Association of Whole Blood Fatty Acids and Growth in Southern Ghanaian Children 2–6 Years of Age

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Adjepong ◽  
William Yakah ◽  
William Harris ◽  
Esi Colecraft ◽  
Grace Marquis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

In Ghana, stunting rates in children below 5 years of age vary regionally. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are crucial for linear growth. The objective of this study was to determine the association between blood FAs and growth parameters in southern Ghanaian children 2–6 years of age. A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth were analyzed by linear regressions and factor analysis. Of the 209 subjects, 22% were stunted and 10.6% were essential FA deficient (triene/tetraene ratio > 0.02). Essential FA did not differ between stunted and non-stunted children and was not associated with height-for-age z-score or weight-for-age z-score. Similarly, no relationships between other blood fatty acids and growth parameters were observed in this population. However, when blood fatty acid levels in these children were compared to previously reported values from northern Ghana, the analysis showed that blood omega-3 FA levels were significantly higher and omega-6 FA levels lower in the southern Ghanaian children (p < 0.001). Fish and seafood consumption in this southern cohort was high and could account for the lower stunting rates observed in these children compared to other regions.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and Renal Calcification and Bone: A comparison of the effect of Dietary Fatty Acids

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachell Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Ectopic Calcification ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Intima Medial Thickness

Cardiovascular (CV) and renal calcification is regularly found with osteoporosis and both are conditions of chronic<br />inflammation and oxidative stress. Intake of dietary fatty acids is known to impact on the incidence of CV disease and bone<br />loss but few studies have specifically looked at their impact on CV or renal calcification. This review found that although a<br />very high total fat intake is likely to prove detrimental to both tissues and bone, particularly with low calcium intake, human<br />studies often show mixed results, possibly because fatty acid intake shows a U-shaped dose/response curve, contrary to the<br />expected linear relationship. Nevertheless, intake of fish and fish oil are generally found to protect against ectopic calcification<br />and bone loss, with a low omega 6 to omega 3 ratio (preferably &lt;5:1) proving critical. Fish intake of 3-4 servings a week was<br />believed to be optimal. In arteries, the relationship between fish oil intake and other markers of sub-clinical atherosclerosis,<br />such as intima-medial thickness, may be stronger than their relationship with arterial calcification. Any association with arterial<br />calcification often lost significance after adjustment for CV risk factors, suggesting that fish oil may act principally by lowering<br />risk factors and calling into question whether CV calcification is a condition of dyslipidaemia.

From Homicide to Happiness – A Commentary on Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Society

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Hibbeln
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Omega 6

The field of omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies as reversible risk factors in major psychiatric disorders has flourished in the last decade. Treatment recommendations of the American Psychiatric Association may be considered for application to more normative states of psychiatric health. Considered here is the proposition that an increased risk of personality disorders, and an increased sense of despair in normative populations, might be considered as symptoms of deficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids. The major changes in the essential fatty acid composition of the food supply, including increased availability of the omega-6 linoleic acid, may be correlated not only with increased risks of homicide, but also increased risks of suicide and suboptimal social cohesion.

scholarly journals Interaction between ω 6 and ω 3 fatty acids of different chain lengths regulates Atlantic salmon hepatic gene expression and muscle fatty acid profiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20190648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Emam ◽  
Tomer Katan ◽  
Albert Caballero-Solares ◽  
Richard G. Taylor ◽  
Kathleen S. Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Chain Lengths

Atlantic salmon smolts (approx. 20-months old) were fed experimental diets with different combinations of omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) (high-ω6, high-ω3, or balanced) and eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) levels (0.3, 1.0 or 1.4%) for 12 weeks. Muscle FA (% total FA) reflected dietary C 18 -polyunsaturated FA; however, muscle EPA per cent and content (mg g −1 ) were not different in salmon fed high-ω3 or balanced diets. Muscle DHA per cent was similar among treatments, while DHA content increased in fish fed 1.4% EPA + DHA, compared with those fed 0.3–1.0% EPA + DHA combined with high-ω6 FA. Muscle 20:3 ω 6 (DGLA) content was highest in those fed high-ω6 with 0.3% EPA + DHA. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses on liver RNA showed that the monounsaturated FA synthesis-related gene, scdb, was upregulated in fish fed 1.0% EPA + DHA with high-ω6 compared to those fed 0.3% EPA + DHA. In high-ω3-fed salmon, liver elovl2 transcript levels were higher with 0.3% EPA + DHA than with 1.0% EPA + DHA. In high-ω6-fed fish, elovl2 did not vary with EPA + DHA levels, but it was positively correlated with muscle ARA, 22:4 ω 3 and DGLA. These results suggest dietary 18:3 ω 3 elongation contributed to maintaining muscle EPA + DHA levels despite a two- to threefold change in dietary proportions, while 18:2 ω 6 with 0.3% EPA + DHA increased muscle DGLA more than arachidonic acid (ARA). Positive correlations between hepatic elovl2 and fabp10a with muscle ω 6: ω 3 and EPA + DHA + ARA, respectively, were confirmed by reanalysing data from a previous salmon trial with lower variations in dietary EPA + DHA and ω 6: ω 3 ratios. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers’: evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids’.

scholarly journals Fats and oils: The health concerns and issues- A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravinder Jeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
World Health ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

Hydrogenated vegetable oils became popular for cooking in 1950s. Soon it became established that eating food cooked in hydrogenated oils (trans fats) could be the risk factors for cardio vascular diseases. Refined oils were recommended for cooking. It was believed that refined oils are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA or omega-6) and will help maintain low cholesterol levels. Further research proved that omega-6 rich diet reduced HDL(High density lipoprotein) as well as LDL (low density lipoprotein). World health organization recommended that we should increase omega-3 i.e. poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA help in keeping healthy HDL/LDL ratio. A number of reports also suggested that natural saturated fatty acids (nSFA) were not risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). In this mini review an account of developments concerning these issues has been presented.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Dietary Plant Omega-3 Verus Omega-6 Fatty Acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. A75
Author(s):  
M.A. Allman ◽  
D. Pang ◽  
K.M. Kingham ◽  
D.F. Hall ◽  
E. Favaloro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract WP430: Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Incident Dementia

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaori Miwa ◽  
Shuhei Okazaki ◽  
Manabu Sakaguchi ◽  
Hideki Mochizuki ◽  
Kazuo Kitagawa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Long Chain

Objective: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been identified as a potential protective factor for vascular events and cognitive impairment. However, few prospective studies have so far explored the impact of PUFAs on dementia while simultaneously controlling for MRI-findings, such as cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) and brain atrophy. Methods: Within a cohort of Japanese participants with vascular risk factors and free of dementia, we evaluated the association between PUFAs levels, MRI-findings at baseline, and incident all-cause dementia. Circulating plasma levels of omega-3 (ie, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and omega-6 (ie, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid [DGLA], arachidonic acid [AA]) PUFAs were measured at baseline. Baseline brain MRI was used to determine SVD (lacunas, white matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds) and atrophy (medial-temporal lobe atrophy and bicaudate ratio). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the cross-sectional association between tertile of each PUFAs and MRI-findings. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to estimate the longitudinal association between PUFAs and dementia, adjusting for age, sex, APOEε4, educational level, vascular risk factors, cerebrovascular events, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and MRI-findings. Results: In the 613 subjects (age: 67.3 ± 8.4 years, male: 59%), multivariable analyses adjusted for potential confounders showed that any PUFAs was not significantly associated with each of SVD. During the mean 7.5-year follow-up (range: 3-13), 48 subjects were diagnosed with dementia (Alzheimer’s disease:24; vascular dementia:18; mixed-type:4; other: 2). In multivariable Cox models adjusted for confounders, the relative risk of all-cause dementia was 0.42 (95%CI, 0.17-0.96, p=0.040) in the highest versus lowest tertile of DHA levels. However, no significant associations with dementia were observed for circulating EPA, EPA/AA ratio, or omega-6 PUFAs. Conclusions: Our results provide additional evidence of DHA may be associated with lower risk of dementia.

Association between plasma omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Garneau ◽  
Iwona Rudkowska ◽  
Ann-Marie Paradis ◽  
Gaston Godin ◽  
Pierre Julien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

The consumption of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been linked to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between n-3 FA in plasma phospholipid (PL) levels and CVD risk factors. n-3 FA levels in plasma PL were determined using gas chromatography in 100 obese (body mass index (BMI), ≥30 kg·m−2) and 100 nonobese selected individuals from the Quebec City metropolitan area. The CVD risk factors analysed were BMI, blood pressure, plasma lipids levels, and fasting plasma glucose. Significantly higher levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were observed in obese subjects, whereas significantly higher levels of DHA were observed in nonobese subjects. For CVD risk factors, ALA levels were positively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations and negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure. None of the CVD risk factors studied was linked to EPA levels. In addition, DPA was negatively related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and positively correlated with the total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. DHA levels were negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and plasma triglyceride levels, whereas a positive association was observed with HDL-C levels. Total n-3 FA percentages were negatively correlated with BMI. In conclusion, higher DHA percentages in plasma PL are associated with a more favourable CVD risk profile, whereas higher DPA percentages in plasma PL are associated with a more deteriorated CVD risk profile.

scholarly journals Determinants of the omega-3 index in a Mediterranean population at increased risk for CHD

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleix Sala-Vila ◽  
William S. Harris ◽  
Montserrat Cofán ◽  
Ana M. Pérez-Heras ◽  
Xavier Pintó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Background ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The omega-3 index, defined as the sum of EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, has been proposed as both a risk marker and risk factor for CHD death. A major determinant of the omega-3 index is EPA+DHA intake, but the impact of other dietary fatty acids has not been investigated. In a cross-sectional study on 198 subjects (102 men and 96 women, mean age 66 years) at high cardiovascular risk living in Spain, the country with low rates of cardiac death despite a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, dietary data were acquired from FFQ and blood cell membrane fatty acid composition was measured by GC. The average consumption of EPA+DHA was 0·9 g/d and the mean omega-3 index was 7·1 %. In multivariate models, EPA+DHA intake was the main predictor of the omega-3 index but explained only 12 % of its variability (P < 0·001). No associations with other dietary fatty acids were observed. Although the single most influential determinant of the omega-3 index measured here was the intake of EPA+DHA, it explained little of the former's variability; hence, the effects of other factors (genetic, dietary and lifestyle) remain to be determined. Nevertheless, the high omega-3 index could at least partially explain the paradox of low rates of fatal CHD in Spain despite a high background prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.

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