scholarly journals Fluid Balance, Sweat Na+ Losses, and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Male Soccer Players in Response to Low and High Training Intensities in Cool and Hot Environments

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Ian Rollo ◽  
Rebecca K. Randell ◽  
Lindsay Baker ◽  
Javier Yanguas Leyes ◽  
Daniel Medina Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Hot Environments

Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical and technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat and fluid/carbohydrate intake responses in elite male professional soccer players training at low and high intensities in cool and hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses and ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid intake of fourteen elite male soccer players were measured on four occasions: cool (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C, 66 ± 6% relative humidity (RH)) low intensity (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 2–4, m·min−1 40–46) (CL); cool high intensity (RPE 6–8, m·min−1 82–86) (CH); hot (29 ± 1 °C, 52 ± 7% RH) low intensity (HL); hot high intensity (HH). Exercise involved 65 ± 5 min of soccer-specific training. Before and after exercise, players were weighed in minimal clothing. During training, players had ad libitum access to carbohydrate beverages and water. Sweat [Na+] (mmol·L−1), which was measured by absorbent patches positioned on the thigh, was no different between conditions, CL: 35 ± 9, CH: 38 ± 8, HL: 34 ± 70.17, HH: 38 ± 8 (p = 0.475). Exercise intensity and environmental condition significantly influenced sweat rates (L·h−1), CL: 0.55 ± 0.20, CH: 0.98 ± 0.21, HL: 0.81 ± 0.17, HH: 1.43 ± 0.23 (p =0.001), and percentage dehydration (p < 0.001). Fluid intake was significantly associated with sweat rate (p = 0.019), with no players experiencing hypohydration > 2% of pre-exercise body mass. Carbohydrate intake varied between players (range 0–38 g·h−1), with no difference between conditions. These descriptive data gathered on elite professional players highlight the variation in the hydration status, sweat rate, sweat Na+ losses, and carbohydrate intake in response to training in cool and hot environments and at low and high exercise intensities.

scholarly journals Effects of Field Position on Fluid Balance and Electrolyte Losses in Collegiate Women’s Soccer Players

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Haoyan Wang ◽  
Kate S. Early ◽  
Bailey M. Theall ◽  
Adam C. Lowe ◽  
Nathan P. Lemoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Risk Environments ◽  
Sweat Sodium ◽  
Field Position ◽  
Women's Soccer

Background and objectives: Research investigating hydration strategies specialized for women’s soccer players is limited, despite the growth in the sport. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fluid balance and electrolyte losses in collegiate women’s soccer players. Materials and Methods: Eighteen NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were recruited (age: 19.2 ± 1.0 yr; weight: 68.5 ± 9.0 kg, and height: 168.4 ± 6.7 cm; mean ± SD), including: 3 forwards (FW), 7 mid-fielders (MD), 5 defenders (DF), and 3 goalkeepers (GK). Players practiced outdoor during spring off-season training camp for a total 14 practices (WBGT: 18.3 ± 3.1 °C). The main outcome measures included body mass change (BMC), sweat rate, urine and sweat electrolyte concentrations, and fluid intake. Results: Results were analyzed for comparison between low (LOW; 16.2 ± 2.6° C, n = 7) and moderate risk environments for hyperthermia (MOD; 20.5 ± 1.5 °C, n = 7) as well as by field position. The majority (54%) of players were in a hypohydrated state prior to practice. Overall, 26.7% of players had a %BMC greater than 0%, 71.4% of players had a %BMC less than −2%, and 1.9% of players had a %BMC greater than −2% (all MD position). Mean %BMC and sweat rate in all environmental conditions were −0.4 ± 0.4 kg (−0.5 ± 0.6% body mass) and 1.03 ± 0.21 mg·cm−2·min−1, respectively. In the MOD environment, players exhibited a greater sweat rate (1.07 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1) compared to LOW (0.99 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1; p = 0.02). By position, DF had a greater total fluid intake and a lower %BMC compared to FW, MD, and GK (all p < 0.001). FW had a greater sweat sodium (Na+) (51.4 ± 9.8 mmol·L−1), whereas GK had the lowest sweat sodium (Na+) (30.9 ± 3.9 mmol·L−1). Conclusions: Hydration strategies should target pre-practice to ensure players are adequately hydrated. Environments deemed to be of moderate risk of hyperthermia significantly elevated the sweat rate but did not influence fluid intake and hydration status compared to low-risk environments. Given the differences in fluid balance and sweat responses, recommendations should be issued relative to soccer position.

Regular- and postseason comparisons of playing time and measures of running performance in NCAA Division I women soccer players

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 907-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Wells ◽  
Jay R. Hoffman ◽  
Kyle S. Beyer ◽  
Mattan W. Hoffman ◽  
Adam R. Jajtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Division I ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Transient Motion ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Playing Time

The management of playing time in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer athletes may be a key factor affecting running performance during competition. This study compared playing time and running performance between regular-season and postseason competitions during a competitive women’s soccer season. Nine NCAA Division I women soccer players (age, 21.3 ± 0.9 years; height, 170.3 ± 5.7 cm; body mass, 64.0 ± 5.8 kg) were tracked using portable GPS devices across 21 games during a competitive season (regular season (n = 17); postseason (n = 4)). Movements on the field were divided into operationally distinct thresholds defined as standing/transient motion, walking, jogging, low-speed running, moderate-speed running, high-speed running, sprinting, low-intensity running, and high-intensity running. A significant increase in minutes played (+17%, p = 0.010) was observed at postseason compared with the regular season. Concomitant increases in time spent engaged in low-intensity running (LIR: +18%, p = 0.011), standing/transient motion (+35%, p = 0.004), walking (+17%, p = 0.022), distance covered while walking (+14%, p = 0.036), and at low intensity (+11%, p = 0.048) were observed. Performance comparisons between the first and second half within games revealed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in high-speed and high-intensity runs during the second half of the postseason compared with the regular season. Changes in minutes played correlated significantly with changes in absolute time spent engaged in LIR (r = 0.999, p < 0.001), standing/transient motion (r = 0.791, p = 0.011), walking (r = 0.975, p = 0.001), jogging (r = 0.733, p = 0.025), distance covered while walking (r = 0.898, p < 0.001) and low-intensity activity (r = 0.945, p < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between minutes played and absolute time sprinting (r = −0.698, p = 0.037) and distance covered sprinting (r = −0.689, p = 0.040). Results indicate that additional minutes played during the postseason were primarily performed at lower intensity thresholds, suggesting running performance during postseason competitions may be compromised with greater playing time in intercollegiate women’s soccer.

scholarly journals Core Temperature and Sweat Responses in Professional Women's Tennis Players During Tournament Play in the Heat

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Tippet ◽  
John R. Stofan ◽  
Magie Lacambra ◽  
Craig A. Horswill
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Hot Environments

Abstract Context: Tennis is often played in hot, humid environments, intensifying the thermoregulatory strain placed on the athletes. As a safety measure, some tennis organizations allow for a 10-minute break in play between the second and third sets when environmental conditions are extreme. However, the actual effect of these breaks in reducing core temperature is unknown. Objective: To determine change in core temperature after a 10-minute break in play and assess fluid balance in professional female tennis players during tournament matches in the heat. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A Women's Tennis Association Tour–sanctioned outdoor tournament on hard courts under hot conditions (30.3°C ± 2.3°C). Patients or Other Participants: Seven professional tennis players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Change in core temperature after a 10-minute break in tournament play, fluid intake, and sweat losses during match play. Results: Core temperature was reduced from 38.92°C to 38.67°C (change of −0.25°C ± 0.20°C) when a break was taken (P  =  .02). Mean sweat rate during match play was 2.0 ± 0.5 L/h. During that time, mean fluid intake was 1.5 ± 0.5 L/h, resulting in a 1.2% ± 1.0% reduction in body mass. Conclusions: Female professional tennis players are subjected to high heat loads during match play in hot environments. However, a 10-minute break in play decreased core temperature in 6 of 7 players by an average of 0.25°C, indicating that the break provides practical benefits in the field. Furthermore, although mean sweat rate in this group of female tennis players was high, most athletes were still able to minimize mass loss to less than 2% of their prematch weight.

Effects of Bout Duration on Players’ Internal and External Loads During Small-Sided Games in Young Soccer Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1370-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Köklü ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu ◽  
Hamit Cihan ◽  
Del P. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
External Loads

Purpose: To investigate the effects of different bout durations on internal and external loads of young soccer players during different small-sided games (SSGs). Methods: Fifteen young male soccer players (average age 17 ± 1 y) participated in 2 vs 2, 3 vs 3, and 4 vs 4 SSGs. All games lasted 12 min playing time in total, but each SSG format further consisted of 4 bout durations: continuous (CON: 1 bout × 12 min) or interval with short (SBD: 6 bouts  × 2 min), medium (MBD: 3 bouts × 4 min), or long (LBD: 2 bouts × 6 min) bout durations. During the SSGs, heart-rate (HR) responses and distance covered in different speed zones (walking and low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity running) were measured. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate (La−) were determined at the end of each SSG. Results: The SBD format elicited significantly lower %HRmax responses compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). The SBD format also showed significantly shorter distances covered in walking and greater distances covered in moderate-intensity running, as well as significantly greater total distance covered compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). In addition, LBD produced significantly lower La− and RPE responses than SBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). Conclusions: These results suggest that coaches and sport scientists who want to achieve higher internal loads could use SBD and CON timing protocols, while those who want to achieve higher external loads might prefer to use SBD and MBD when planning all SSG formats.

scholarly journals Fluid Balance and Sodium Losses During Indoor Tennis Match Play

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J.E. Lott ◽  
Stuart D.R. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Tennis Match

This study assessed fluid balance, sodium losses, and effort intensity during indoor tennis match play (17 ± 2 °C, 42% ± 9% relative humidity) over a mean match duration of 68.1 ± 12.8 min in 16 male tennis players. Ad libitum fluid intake was recorded throughout the match. Sweat loss from change in nude body mass; sweat electrolyte content from patches applied to the forearm, calf, and thigh, and back of each player; and electrolyte balance derived from sweat, urine, and daily food-intake analysis were measured. Effort intensity was assessed from on-court heart rate compared with data obtained during a maximal treadmill test. Sweat rate (M ± SD) was 1.1 ± 0.4 L/hr, and fluid-ingestion rate was 1.0 ± 0.6 L/hr (replacing 93% ± 47% of fluid lost), resulting in only a small mean loss in body mass of 0.15% ± 0.74%. Large interindividual variabilities in sweat rate (range 0.3–2.0 L/hr) and fluid intake (range 0.31–2.52 L/hr) were noted. Whole-body sweat sodium concentration was 38 ± 12 mmol/L, and total sodium losses during match play were 1.1 ± 0.4 g (range 0.5–1.8 g). Daily sodium intake was 2.8 ± 1.1 g. Indoor match play largely consisted of low-intensity exercise below ventilatory threshold (mean match heart rate was 138 ± 24 beats/min). This study shows that in moderate indoor temperature conditions players ingest sufficient fluid to replace sweat losses. However, the wide range in data obtained highlights the need for individualized fluid-replacement guidance.

scholarly journals Relative Training Load and Match Outcome: Are Professional Soccer Players Actually Undertrained during the In-Season?

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Toni Modric ◽  
Mario Jelicic ◽  
Damir Sekulic
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Distance Ratio ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning

Previous studies examined training/match ratios (TMr) to determine the training load relative to the match load, but the influence of the relative training load (RTL) on success in soccer is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible influence of RTL on final match outcome in soccer (win, draw, and loss). Running performances (RP) of soccer players (n = 21) in the Croatian highest national soccer competition were analyzed during the season 2020–2021. Data were measured by the global positioning system in 14 official matches and 67 training sessions. RTL was assessed by TMr, which were calculated as the ratio of RP during training and match in the same week, evaluating the following measures: TDr (total distance ratio), LIDr (low-intensity distance ratio), RDr (running distance ratio), HIDr (high-intensity distance ratio), ACCr (total accelerations ratio), DECr (total decelerations ratio), HI-ACCr (high-intensity accelerations ratio), HI-DECr (high-intensity decelerations ratio). All TMr were examined separately for each training session within in-season microcycles (categorized as days before the match day, i.e., MD minus). Spearman correlations were used to identify association between match outcome and TMr. The results indicated negative associations between match outcome and TDr, LIDr, ACCr and DECr on MD-1 and MD-2). In contrast, positive associations were evidenced between match outcome, and HIDr on MD-3 and TDr, LIDr, ACCr and DECr on MD-5 (p < 0.05; all moderate correlations). These findings demonstrate that final match outcome in soccer was associated with greater RTL of (i) high-intensity running three days before the match, (ii) total and low-intensity running, accelerations and decelerations five days before the match, and (iii) lower RTL of total and low-intensity running, accelerations and decelerations one and two days before the match.

Postexercise rehydration in man: the effects of carbohydrate content and osmolality of drinks ingested ad libitum

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gethin H. Evans ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs ◽  
Ronald J. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effectiveness of different carbohydrate solutions in restoring fluid balance in situations of voluntary fluid intake has not been examined previously. The effect of the carbohydrate content of drinks ingested after exercise was examined in 6 males and 3 females previously dehydrated by 1.99 ± 0.07% of body mass via intermittent exercise in the heat. Beginning 30 min after the cessation of exercise, subjects drank ad libitum for a period of 120 min. Drinks contained 31 mmol·L–1 Na+ as NaCl and either 0%, 2%, or 10% glucose with mean ± SD osmolalities of 74 ± 1, 188 ± 3, and 654 ± 4 mosm·kg–1, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after exercise, midway through rehydration, and throughout a 5 h recovery period. Total fluid intake was not different among trials (0%: 2258 ± 519 mL; 2%: 2539 ± 436 mL; 10%: 2173 ± 252 mL; p = 0.173). Urine output was also not different among trials (p = 0.160). No differences among trials were observed in net fluid balance or in the fraction of the ingested drink retained. In conclusion, in situations of voluntary fluid intake, hypertonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions are as effective as hypotonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions at restoring whole-body fluid balance.

scholarly journals Repeated High-Intensity Running and Sprinting in Elite Women’s Soccer Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Håvard Wiig ◽  
Matt Spencer
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Sport Competition ◽  
Women's Soccer

Background:To the authors’ knowledge, no study has investigated the concurrent repeated, high-intensity (RHIA) and repeated-sprint activity (RSA) of intermittent team-sport competition.Purpose:In this study, they report on the RSA of elite women’s football competition. In addition, they describe the nature of RHIA (eg, striding and sprinting activities) that involve a high energy cost and are associated with short (ie, ≤20 s) recovery periods.Methods:Thirteen elite women soccer players underwent video-based time–motion analysis on 34 occasions during national and international standard matches. RSA and RHIA were defined as successive (ie, 2) sprints or striding and sprinting efforts that occurred with ≤20 s between efforts.Results:The number of RSA and RHIA bouts performed was similar between the first and second halves of matches. Sprinting and striding/sprinting durations tended to remain relatively stable irrespective of the number of efforts in an RSA or RHIA bout or the period of play. However, recovery duration between efforts increased in the second half, when a greater number of efforts were performed per bout.Conclusion:These findings suggest that first- to second-half reductions in RHIA and RSA do not occur in elite women’s soccer competition. However, players increase the amount of low-intensity recovery undertaken between RHIA and RSA efforts, most likely in an attempt to maintain RHIA and RSA performance. These findings emphasize the importance of RSA and RHIA to elite women’s soccer and highlight the importance of training this quality to prevent reductions in performance during competitive match play.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Responses During Indoor Soccer Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Sercan Öncen ◽  
Levent Tanyeri
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Zone ◽  
Test Level

In this study, the aim was to investigate the cardiovascular responses that happen in players during indoor soccer (IS) competitions. Nine participants, indoor soccer players in the Universities League, took part in the study (20.66 ± 1.87 age; 177 ± 4.5 height; 73.33 ± 8.07 weight). Cardiovascular changes happening during the competition were measured through a heart rate (HR) monitor that records once per second (Polar V800, Lake Success, NY, USA), and running distances by the Polar GPS (Polar V800, Lake Success, NY, USA) system. Maximum oxygen usage capacity of the participants (VO2max) was determined by using Yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1, one of the indirect measurement methods. Cardiovascular loads coming out during the competition were separated into three zones for the sake of better understanding: HRmax 70%, low-intensity zone; HRmax between 70-85%, moderate intensity zone; and HRmax 85% and over, high intensity zone. Descriptive statistics were used in the assessment of the data obtained. The average distance that the participants covered, according to the GPS measurements, was found to be 1617 ± 873 m, on average VO2max 47.33 ± 4,47ml.kg per min-1. The participants spent 72,2% of the time that they were active in the game in the high intensity zone. The fact that participants spent a high percentage of time in this zone that consisted of high intensity activities clearly showed that indoor soccer is an intermittent high intensity branch of sports. Participants spent 15,8% in the low intensity zone indicating that repetitive loads without the opportunity for recovery could be found. Having a high percentage of high intensity activity may negatively affect performance because of fatigue; thus, it is important to organize the optimum in-play time for the indoor soccer players to get better performance.

scholarly journals Individualized speed threshold to analyze the game running demands in soccer players using GPS technology (Umbral de velocidad individualizado para analizar en jugadores de fútbol mediante tecnología GPS las exigencias de sus desplazamientos en competici

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Núñez-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Javier Toscano-Bendala ◽  
Miguel Angel Campos-Vázquez ◽  
Luis Jesus Suarez-Arrones
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Very High

The aim of the study was to compare the relative running demands (m·min-1), among different soccer players positions, coded by an absolute threshold vs. an individualized threshold based on splits of 10% of peak velocity, during friendly games, with the same tactical system and monitoring with a GPS. To this end he had 20 players on a semiprofessional soccer team. All players were monitored with a unit GPS (15 hz SPI-pro W2b, GPSport, Canberra, Australia).  They are measured peak velocity with a sprint of 40 m, and its activity in 4 friendly matches. The player’s activities were coded into five absolute speed thresholds and ten individualized speed thresholds. The absolute speed thresholds were: Very low intensity running (VLIR: 0-7 km·h-1), Low intensity running (LIR: 7-13 km·h-1), medium intensity running (MIR: 13-18 km·h-1), high intensity running (HIR: 18-21 km·h-1), and very high intensity running (VHIR: >21 km·h-1). The individualized thresholds were from <10%, 10-20 %, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, and >90% of peak velocity (PV). Variables are presented as the mean (± SD), and the estimated precision is indicated with 90% confidence limits (CL). In addition to the analyses for statistical significance (i.e., paired t-tests), possible differences between players’ position was analysed (pairwise comparisons) for practical significance using magnitude-based inferences. The 30% of players get 80-90% of its peak velocity in match and 2.5% reaches 90-100% of its peak velocity.Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las demandas de carrera ent jugadores de fútbol con diferentes roles empleando tecnología GPS, analizando y comparando sus desplazamientos durante partidos amistosos en base a un umbral absoluto, frente a un umbral individualizado al perfil locomotor del jugador. Para ello se les valoró su pico máximo de velocidad realizando un sprint de 40 m, así como su actividad locomotora en 4 partidos amistosos. Los desplazamientos de los jugadores codificaron en cinco umbrales de velocidad absolutos y diez umbrales de velocidad individualizados. Los umbrales de velocidad absolutos fueron: carrera de muy baja intensidad (VLIR: 0-7 km·h-1), carrera de baja intensidad (LIR: 7-13 km·h-1), carrera de intensidad media (MIR: 13-18 km·h-1), carrera de alta intensidad  (HIR: 18-21 km·h-1), y carrera de muy alta intensidad (VHIR: >21 km·h-1). Los umbrales individualizados en base a su pico de velocidad máxima (PV) fueron:  <10%, 10-20 %, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, and >90% del PV. El 30% de los jugadores consiguen el 80-90% de su pico de velocidad en partidos y el 2.5 % alcanza el 90-100 % de su pico de velocidad.

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