scholarly journals Uremic Sarcopenia and Its Possible Nutritional Approach

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Annalisa Noce ◽  
Giulia Marrone ◽  
Eleonora Ottaviani ◽  
Cristina Guerriero ◽  
Francesca Di Daniele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition

Uremic sarcopenia is a frequent condition present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is characterized by reduced muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Uremic sarcopenia is related to an increased risk of hospitalization and all-causes mortality. This pathological condition is caused not only by advanced age but also by others factors typical of CKD patients such as metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis therapy, low-grade inflammatory status and inadequate protein-energy intake. Currently, treatments available to ameliorate uremic sarcopenia include nutritional therapy (oral nutritional supplement, inter/intradialytic parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, high protein and fiber diet and percutaneous endoscopic gastrectomy) and a personalized program of physical activity. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible benefits induced by nutritional therapy alone or in combination with a personalized program of physical activity, on onset and/or progression of uremic sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Obesity and inflammation: the effects of weight loss

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kirsty Forsythe ◽  
Julie M. W. Wallace ◽  
M. Barbara E. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Induce Weight Loss ◽  
Inflammatory Profile

Following the discovery of TNF-α and leptin as secretory products of adipocytes in the early 1990s, subsequent obesity research focused on the new functional role of adipose tissue, as an active endocrine organ. Many more inflammatory peptides have been linked to adiposity, which ultimately characterised obesity as a state of low-grade systemic inflammation, or ‘metaflammation’ which may link obesity to its co-morbidities. The aim of the present review is to examine the effects of weight loss on inflammation in overweight and obese, but otherwise healthy, populations. Studies were broadly classified into four types (diet, physical activity, diet and physical activity combined, and surgical interventions) and discussed according to the method used to induce weight loss. All studies measured at least one obesity-related inflammatory marker (ORIM). The overall finding from the present review is that weight loss does improve inflammation in terms of both the inflammatory (C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin) and anti-inflammatory (adiponectin) ORIM. Within this, the greatest improvements in ORIM are observed in studies achieving a weight loss of at least 10 %. However, a number of methodological issues have been identified as potential limitations within the literature including the sex and age of subjects, sample size, study duration and the assessment of body composition. In conclusion, although a period of weight loss per se is capable of reversing the unfavourable inflammatory profile evident in the obese state, further studies are required to determine the time needed, in which a reduced weight is maintained, in order to benefit from improved inflammatory status long term.

scholarly journals Body Composition Findings by Computed Tomography in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: Increased Risk of Muscle Wasting in Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Gualtieri ◽  
Carmela Falcone ◽  
Lorenzo Romano ◽  
Sebastiano Macheda ◽  
Pierpaolo Correale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Imaging Diagnostics ◽  
Increased Risk

Obesity is a characteristic of COVID-19 patients and the risk of malnutrition can be underestimated due to excess of fat: a paradoxical danger. Long ICU hospitalization exposes patients to a high risk of wasting and loss of lean body mass. The complex management precludes the detection of anthropometric parameters for the definition and monitoring of the nutritional status. The use of imaging diagnostics for body composition could help to recognize and treat patients at increased risk of wasting with targeted pathways. COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU underwent computed tomography within 24 h and about 20 days later, to evaluate the parameters of the body and liver composition. The main results were the loss of the lean mass index and a greater increase in liver attenuation in obese subjects. These could be co-caused by COVID-19, prolonged bed rest, the complex medical nutritional therapy, and the starting condition of low-grade inflammation of the obese. The assessment of nutritional status, with body composition applied to imaging diagnostics and metabolic profiles in COVID-19, will assist in prescribing appropriate medical nutritional therapy. This will reduce recovery times and complications caused by frailty.

Vascular Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik ◽  
Wojciech Bik
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Physiological Concentration ◽  
Repair Capacity ◽  
Increased Risk

: Insulin was discovered in 1922 by Banting and Best. Since that time, extensive research on the mechanisms of insulin activity and action has continued. Currently, it is known that the role of insulin is much greater than simply regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin in physiological concentration is also necessary to maintain normal vascular function. : Insulin resistance is defined as a pathological condition characterized by reduced sensitivity of skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue, to insulin and its downstream metabolic effects under normal serum glucose concentrations. There are also selective forms of insulin resistance with unique features, including vascular insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, both classical and vascular, contributes to vascular impairment resulting in increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, in the elderly population, additional factors including redistribution of fat concentrations, low-grade inflammation, and decreased self-repair capacity [or cell senescence] amplify the vascular abnormalities related to insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Resting and exercise-induced IL-6 levels in children with Type 1 diabetes reflect hyperglycemic profiles during the previous 3 days

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime S. Rosa ◽  
Rebecca L. Flores ◽  
Stacy R. Oliver ◽  
Andria M. Pontello ◽  
Frank P. Zaldivar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Exercise Induced

Poor glycemic control in Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) causes long-term cardiovascular complications, at least in part via chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with recurrent hyperglycemia. While physical activity can reduce both inflammation and cardiovascular risks, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This is particularly important for T1DM children, for whom the prevention of long-term cardiovascular complications must include optimization of exercise-related anti-inflammatory strategies. We therefore studied the effect of prior hyperglycemia on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory status (plasma IL-6) in T1DM children. Glycemia was continuously recorded with a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) system for 63 h preceding a 30-min intermittent cycling exercise protocol at ∼80% peak rate of oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Euglycemia (4.4–6.1 mM) was maintained for 90 min before, during, and 30 min after exercise. IL-6 plasma concentration (pg/ml) was measured at baseline, at end exercise, and 30 min postexercise. Subjects were then divided into quartiles based on average glycemia during the CGMS recording. IL-6 levels (pg/ml) were lowest in the quartile with lowest average 3-day glycemia and increased proportionally to greater hyperglycemic exposure; this was observed at baseline (0.86 ± 0.10, 1.06 ± 0.16, 1.14 ± 0.14, 1.20 ± 0.16), absolute IL-6 change (Δ) at end exercise (0.20 ± 0.16, 0.32 ± 0.10, 0.48 ± 0.09, 0.62 ± 0.13), and Δ at 30 min postexercise (0.49 ± 0.13, 0.71 ± 0.16, 0.89 ± 0.14, 1.38 ± 0.33). Therefore, poorly controlled glycemic profile, even in the 63 h preceding an exercise challenge, can alter inflammatory adaptation in T1DM children. Our data underscore the necessity to fully understand all molecular aspects of physical activity to provide the scientific rationale for exercise regimens that will be able to maximize health benefits for T1DM children.

scholarly journals Reversal of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Due to Nutritional Therapy in Lung Abscess Suspected Tuberculosis Patient with Severe Protein-Energy Malnutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1142-1142
Author(s):  
Christina Rusli ◽  
Nurpudji Taslim ◽  
Nurbaya Syam ◽  
Mardiana Mardiana ◽  
Agussalim Bukhari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Abstract Objectives Severe malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes and higher mortality in Tuberculosis (TB) patients. Due to the inflammatory process, TB patients are in hypercatabolic conditions which caused increased nutritional requirements. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an indicator of inflammatory status that can be used to determine the outcome of TB patients. Methods A 53-year-old male patient with severe protein-energy malnutrition (body mass index 14.5 kg/m,2) suffers from a lung abscess due to tuberculosis (TB) suspected being treated at the infection center of Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. Oral intake decreased due to shortness of breath and loss of appetite. Physical examination showed conjunctival anemia, loss of subcutaneous fat, lung rales, and muscle wasting. Laboratory assessments showed hypoalbuminemia (1.8 g/dl), hyponatremia (126 mmol/L), leukocytosis (26,100/ɥl), neutrophilia (19,600/ɥl, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte/NLR ratio 4.2), anemia (9,6 g/dl), and elevated liver enzymes (SGOT 90 U/L and SGPT 114 U/L). Results Nutrition therapy was given gradually with a target calorie of 1700–2300 kcal and protein 1.5–2 g/ideal body weight/day using regular food, high protein formula, and amino acids (parenteral nutrition). After 12 days of nutrition treatment, the patient was discharged from the hospital without shortness of breath, adequate nutritional intake, improved anthropometric parameters, and laboratory test results (leukocytes 9000/ɥl, neutrophil 4698/ɥl, NLR 1.6, albumin 3.0 g/dl, Hb 10.5 g/dl, and sodium 135 mmol/L). Conclusions Nutritional therapy is essential in TB patient's hypercatabolic states. By achieving nutritional requirements, there can be changes in the value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio so that it alters the course and the outcome of TB disease. Severe malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes and higher mortality in Tuberculosis (TB) patients. TB patients are in hypercatabolic conditions due to the inflammatory process so that they have increased nutritional requirements. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an indicator of inflammatory status that can be used to determine the outcome of TB patients. Funding Sources The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

scholarly journals Nutrizione parenterale intradialitica in pazienti con malnutrizione moderata-severa: studio prospettico osservazionale multicentrico

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Concetto Sessa ◽  
Walter Morale ◽  
Antonino Reina ◽  
Giorgio Battaglia ◽  
Sandra La Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Infusion Pump ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Protein Energy Wasting ◽  
Prospective Multicentre Study ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition

Dialysis patients have a wide range of pathologies that contribute to their frailty. Maintaining a good nutritional status is useful to prevent and treat the so-called Protein-Energy Wasting (PEW), a complex clinical-laboratory condition in which a protein-energy depletion occurs. Adherence to a proper nutritional therapy in CKD requires considerable effort from both patients and health personnel (doctors and nurses). In order to slow down the effects of malnutrition and the disasters that complicate PEW, nephrologists can use supplementation products. In our observational, prospective, multicentre study, we administered an intradialytic parenteral nutrition of a three-compartment emulsion for intravenous infusion through an infusion pump connected to the venous line. After 12 weeks of treatment, subjects with severe malnutrition were reduced from 61.1% to 33.3%, serum creatinine increased by 16% (from 6.00 ± 1.48 mg/dL to 6.98 ± 2.46 mg/dL; P < 0.001), total protein and albumin levels respectively by 13% (from 5.46 ± 0.63 g/dL to 6.19 ± 0.66 g/dL; P < 0.001) and 19% (from 2.70 ± 0.48 g/dL to 3.20 ± 0.57 g/dL; P < 0.001), body weight by 3% (from 55.7 ± 13.2 kg to 57.6 ± 13.0 kg; P < 0.001).

Effect of magnesium sulfate and thyroxine on inflammatory markers in a rat model of hypothyroidism

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr M. Abbas ◽  
Hussein F. Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tnf Α

Inflammation is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore we investigated the effects of levothyroxine and MgSO4 on inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in hypothyroid rats. Sixty male rats were divided into 6 groups; normal, normal + MgSO4, hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism + levothyroxine, hypothyroidism + MgSO4, and hypothyroidism + levothyroxine + MgSO4. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), CRP, interleukin-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured in all rats. Hypothyroidism significantly increased TSH, CRP, interleukin-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 and decreased triiodothronine and thyroxine. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with levothyroxine or MgSO4 significantly decreased CRP, interleukin-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Combined therapy of hypothyroid rats with levothyroxine and MgSO4 significantly decreased CRP, interleukin-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 compared with hypothyroid rats either untreated or treated with levothyroxine or MgSO4. This study demonstrates that hypothyroid rats have chronic low grade inflammation, which may account for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Combined levothyroxine and MgSO4 is better than levothyroxine or MgSO4 alone in alleviating the chronic low grade inflammatory status and therefore reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in hypothyroid animals.

scholarly journals PSIII-40 Dietary effects on food intake, body weight, body composition and metabolism of adult female cats after spay surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
Eiji Iwazaki ◽  
Anne H Lee ◽  
Thunyaporn Phungviwatnikul ◽  
Helen Valentine ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Spay and neuter surgeries are common procedures to control the pet population, but have been associated with increased risk for obesity due to changes in appetite, decreased metabolic rate, and decreased energy expenditure. Dietary management post-spay could help decrease obesity risk, but few research studies have been conducted on cats following spay surgery. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high-protein, high-fiber diet (HPHF) vs. a moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (MPMF) in female cats following spay surgery. Twenty healthy female cats (9.5±0.1 months old) were used. After a 5-wk baseline phase with cats fed MPMF to maintain BW, 16 cats were spayed and randomly allotted to MPMF (n = 8) or HPHF (n = 8), with the remaining cats being sham-operated and fed MPMF (n = 4). Cats were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk, then fed up to twice that amount during the subsequent 12 wk of study. Daily food intake, twice weekly BW and twice weekly BCS were assessed. Body composition using DEXA, serum metabolite concentrations, and voluntary physical activity levels were measured prior to spay (wk 0) and every 6 wk post-spay. A treatment*time effect was observed for food intake (g/d), but not caloric intake (kcal ME/d). Caloric intake was affected by time and treatment effects, being reduced over the first 12 wk and reduced at higher amounts in HPHF and MPMF cats vs. sham cats. BW, BCS and body fat percentage were affected over time. A treatment*time effect was observed for blood urea nitrogen, ALP, and fructosamine, while blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, phosphorus, and bicarbonate were affected by time. Physical activity was also reduced over time. Our results demonstrate that spay surgery affects food intake, BW, metabolism, and physical activity in cats. Dietary intervention in this study, however, led to minor changes.

Low Physical Activity in Adolescence is Associated with Increased Risk for Mental Health Problems

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Monshouwer ◽  
Margreet ten Have ◽  
Mireille Van Poppel ◽  
Han Kemper ◽  
Wilma Vollebergh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Increased Risk
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