scholarly journals Dietary Factors Modulating Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Filippo Vernia ◽  
Salvatore Longo ◽  
Gianpiero Stefanelli ◽  
Angelo Viscido ◽  
Giovanni Latella
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Carcinogenic Agents ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The development of colorectal cancer, responsible for 9% of cancer-related deaths, is favored by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The modification of diet and lifestyle may modify the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and prevent neoplasia in up to 50% of cases. The Western diet, characterized by a high intake of fat, red meat and processed meat has emerged as an important contributor. Conversely, a high intake of dietary fiber partially counteracts the unfavorable effects of meat through multiple mechanisms, including reduced intestinal transit time and dilution of carcinogenic compounds. Providing antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) and leading to increased intraluminal production of protective fermentation products, like butyrate, represent other beneficial and useful effects of a fiber-rich diet. Protective effects on the risk of developing colorectal cancer have been also advocated for some specific micronutrients like vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. Diet-induced modifications of the gut microbiota modulate colonic epithelial cell homeostasis and carcinogenesis. This can have, under different conditions, opposite effects on the risk of CRC, through the production of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents or, conversely, of protective compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on the role of diet as a potential risk factor for the development of colorectal malignancies, as well as providing possible prevention dietary strategies.

scholarly journals Nutritional prevention of colorectal cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mark A. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Intentional Weight Loss ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures

The preventability estimate for colorectal cancer (CRC) is approximately 50%, highlighting the huge potential for altering modifiable lifestyle factors (including diet and body fatness) in order to reduce risk of this common malignancy. There is strong evidence that dietary factors (including intake of wholegrains, fibre, red and processed meat and alcohol) affect CRC risk. The lack of positive intervention trials and limited mechanistic understanding likely explain limited public health impact of epidemiological observations, to date. An alternative strategy for nutritional prevention of CRC is use of supplements that provide higher individual nutrient exposure than obtained through the diet (chemoprevention). There are positive data for calcium and/or vitamin D and the n-3 fatty acid EPA from polyp prevention trials using colorectal adenoma as a CRC risk biomarker. Although CRC is an obesity-related malignancy, there remains a paucity of observational data supporting intentional weight loss for CRC risk reduction. Some types of obesity surgeries (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) might actually increase subsequent CRC risk due to alteration of local intestinal factors. There is intense interest in nutritional therapy of patients after diagnosis of CRC, in order to impact on recurrence and overall survival (now often termed cancer interception). In conclusion, nutritional prevention of CRC continues to hold much promise. Increased mechanistic understanding of the role of individual nutrients (linked to intestinal microbiota), as well as a precision medicine approach to CRC chemoprevention and interception based on both tumour and host factors, should enable translation of nutritional interventions into effective CRC risk reduction measures.

scholarly journals A Reasonable Diet Promotes Balance of Intestinal Microbiota: Prevention of Precolorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Huang ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
High Fibre

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer includes genetics, age, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle. Increasing attention has recently been paid to dietary factors. Evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical research suggests that high-fibre diets can significantly reduce the incidence of CRC, whilst the consumption of high-fat diets, high-protein diets, red meat, and processed meat is high-risk factors for tumorigenesis. Fibre is a regulator of intestinal microflora and metabolism and is thus a key dietary component for maintaining intestinal health. Intestinal microbes are closely linked to CRC, with the growth of certain microbiota (such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, or Bacteroides fragilis) favouring carcinogenesis, whilst the dominant microbiota population of the intestine, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, have multiple mechanisms of antitumour activity. Various dietary components have direct effects on the types of intestinal microflora: in the Western diet mode (high-fat, high-protein, and red meat), the proportion of conditional pathogens in the intestinal flora increases, the proportion of commensal bacteria decreases, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer is promoted. Conversely, a high-fibre diet can increase the abundance of Firmicutes and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides and consequently increase the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine, inhibiting the development of CRC. This article reviews the study of the relationship between diet, intestinal microbes, and the promotion or inhibition of CRC and analyses the relevant molecular mechanisms to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

scholarly journals Anthocyanins in Colorectal Cancer Prevention Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Ni Shi ◽  
Xiaoxin Chen ◽  
Tong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Pharmaceutical Application ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a big health burden worldwide. Nutrition and dietary factors are known to affect colorectal cancer development and prognosis. The protective roles of diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been previously reported to contain high levels of cancer-fighting phytochemicals. Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoid compounds that are responsible for the bright colors of most blue, purple, and red fruits and vegetables, and have been shown to contribute to the protective effects of fruits and vegetables against cancer and other chronic diseases. Berries and grapes are the most common anthocyanin-rich fruits with antitumor effects. The antitumor effects of anthocyanins are determined by their structures and bioavailability as well as how they are metabolized. In this review, we aimed to discuss the preventive as well as therapeutic potentials of anthocyanins in CRC. We summarized the antitumor effects of anthocyanins and the mechanisms of action. We also discussed the potential pharmaceutical application of anthocyanins in practice.

scholarly journals Building Up a Robust Risk Mathematical Platform to Predict Colorectal Cancer

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Zhang ◽  
Chunqiu Zheng ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
Lei Xing ◽  
Han Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Heterogeneous Ensemble

Colorectal cancer (CRC), as a result of a multistep process and under multiple factors, is one of the most common life-threatening cancers worldwide. To identify the “high risk” populations is critical for early diagnosis and improvement of overall survival rate. Of the complicated genetic and environmental factors, which group is mostly concerning colorectal carcinogenesis remains contentious. For this reason, this study collects relatively complete information of genetic variations and environmental exposure for both CRC patients and cancer-free controls; a multimethod ensemble model for CRC-risk prediction is developed by employing such big data to train and test the model. Our results demonstrate that (1) the explored genetic and environmental biomarkers are validated to connect to the CRC by biological function- or population-based evidences, (2) the model can efficiently predict the risk of CRC after parameter optimization by the big CRC-related data, and (3) our innovated heterogeneous ensemble learning model (HELM) and generalized kernel recursive maximum correntropy (GKRMC) algorithm have high prediction power. Finally, we discuss why the HELM and GKRMC can outperform the classical regression algorithms and related subjects for future study.

scholarly journals Colon cancer in a 12-year-old girl with hypertriglyceridemia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Pedroni ◽  
Maurizio Ponz de Leon ◽  
Luca Reggiani Bonetti ◽  
Alessandra Viel ◽  
Davide Noto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Apoa5 Gene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Apc I1307k ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Colorectal cancer is usually considered a disease of the elderly; however, in a small fraction of patients (2%-3% of all affected individuals), colorectal malignancies may develop earlier. The reasons whereby some individuals develop colorectal cancer at a young age are poorly understood. In a 12-year-old girl, a malignancy was diagnosed in the ascending colon. There was no familial history of Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis. The metabolic profile of the patient revealed hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at nine years, then diagnosed as familial hypertriglyceridemia due to a constitutional mutation in the APOA5 gene (c.427delC). Moreover, variants possibly increasing the risk of cancer were detected in MSH6 (c.3438+11_3438+14delCTTA, intron 5) and APC (I1307K). The patient showed a rather unusual dietary pattern, since her basic alimentation from weaning consisted almost exclusively of meat homogenates and, subsequently, roasted meat or cutlets. Other foods, including fish, vegetables, sweets, and pasta, were refused. In this case, genetic and environmental factors could have acted in a particularly accelerated manner. Indeed, the genetic background of the patient (familial hypertriglyceridemia and polymorphisms predisposing to colorectal cancer) may have favored a dietary-driven colorectal carcinogenesis, resulting in an extremely early onset development of malignancy.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer in Africa: Causes, Dietary Intervention, and Lifestyle Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin B. Oluwole ◽  
Viola A. Nwachukwu Nicholas-Okpara ◽  
Elemo Gloria ◽  
Deborah Ibekwe ◽  
Ijeoma Eboagwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Environmental Carcinogens ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Refined Carbohydrates

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a menace in the global public health system. According to GLOBOCAN reports, colorectal cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in the world with more than 1.9 million cases and 935,000 deaths in 2020 alone. Diet plays a key role in exposing humans to environmental carcinogens and anti-carcinogens, consequently mitigating or aiding in the development of various cancers. CRC is most prevalent in western countries with a high intake of saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, and processed meat. CRC was an extremely rare disease in Africa some decades ago, but the situation is fast changing. The traditional African diet consists of leafy, roots and cruciferous vegetables, fruits, roots, tubers and plantains, legumes, whole grains, and spices, all of which have been shown to possess protective effects against CRC. However, the effect of urbanization has contributed to the shift of dietary choices among the African population to consuming more ultra-processed foods with high levels of unhealthy components that have originated from colorectal cancer prevalent regions. This review evaluates the current nutritional challenges of the African diet to colorectal cancer and the potential roles of the traditional African diets and lifestyle modification in the prevention and management of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Diet and colorectal cancer in UK Biobank: a prospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Bradbury ◽  
Neil Murphy ◽  
Timothy J Key
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Red And Processed Meat

Abstract Background Most of the previous studies on diet and colorectal cancer were based on diets consumed during the 1990s. Methods We used Cox-regression models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for colorectal cancer by dietary factors in the UK Biobank study. Men and women aged 40–69 years at recruitment (2006–10) reported their diet on a short food-frequency questionnaire (n = 475 581). Dietary intakes were re-measured in a large sub-sample (n = 175 402) who completed an online 24-hour dietary assessment during follow-up. Trends in risk across the baseline categories were calculated by assigning re-measured intakes to allow for measurement error and changes in intake over time. Results During an average of 5.7 years of follow-up, 2609 cases of colorectal cancer occurred. Participants who reported consuming an average of 76 g/day of red and processed meat compared with 21 g/day had a 20% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4–37] higher risk of colorectal cancer. Participants in the highest fifth of intake of fibre from bread and breakfast cereals had a 14% (95% CI: 2–24) lower risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was associated with an 8% (95% CI: 4–12) higher risk per 10 g/day higher intake. Fish, poultry, cheese, fruit, vegetables, tea and coffee were not associated with colorectal-cancer risk. Conclusions Consumption of red and processed meat at an average level of 76 g/d that meets the current UK government recommendation (≤90 g/day) was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, whereas fibre from bread and breakfast cereals was associated with a reduced risk.

A Tale of Two Colons and Two Cancers

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gervaz ◽  
Bühler ◽  
Scheiwiller ◽  
Morel
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Splenic Flexure ◽  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Group Stratification

The central hypothesis explored in this paper is that colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease. The initial clue to this heterogeneity was provided by genetic findings; however, embryological and physiological data had previously been gathered, showing that proximal (in relation to the splenic flexure) and distal parts of the colon represent distinct entities. Molecular biologists have identified two distinct pathways, microsatellite instability (MSI) and chromosomal instability (CIN), which are involved in CRC progression. In summary, there may be not one, but two colons and two types of colorectal carcinogenesis, with distinct clinical outcome. The implications for the clinicians are two-folds; 1) tumors originating from the proximal colon have a better prognosis due to a high percentage of MSI-positive lesions; and 2) location of the neoplasm in reference to the splenic flexure should be documented before group stratification in future trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II and III colon cancer.

Regulation of microRNAs in Inflammation-Associated Colorectal Cancer: A Mechanistic Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Muthusami ◽  
Ilangovan Ramachandran ◽  
Sneha Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Yuvaraj Sambandam ◽  
Satish Ramalingam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha

: The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multi-stage process. The inflammation of the colon as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) is often regarded as the initial trigger for the development of CRC. Many cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and several interleukins (ILs) are known to exert proinflammatory actions, and inflammation initiates or promotes tumorigenesis of various cancers, including CRC through differential regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). miRNAs can be oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or anti-oncomiRs/tumor suppressor miRNAs, and they play key roles during colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of regulation of miRNAs involved in inflammation-associated CRC are still anecdotal and largely unknown. Consolidating the published results and offering perspective solutions to circumvent CRC, the current review is focused on the role of miRNAs and their regulation in the development of CRC. We have also discussed the model systems adapted by researchers to delineate the role of miRNAs in inflammation-associated CRC.

A Dinucleotide Deletion in the CD24 Gene Is a Potential Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-485
Author(s):  
Lior Segev ◽  
Ilana Naboishchikov ◽  
Diana Kazanov ◽  
Ezra Bernstein ◽  
Meital Shaked ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Multistep Process

Background CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein anchored to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol and is involved in intracellular signaling processes. It plays an important role in the early stages of the multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CD24 gene are reported to exert a diverse effect on cancer risk. We aimed to elucidate whether CD24 TG/del genetic variants are associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The study included 179 subjects, 36 with CRC (prior to surgery) and 143 healthy control subjects. Deoxyribonucleic acid was purified from peripheral blood leukocytes, and by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, the CD24 gene was genotyped for the specific genetic variant, TG deletion. Additionally, CD24 protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting analysis. Results The incidence of the TG/del was higher among the CRC patients compared with healthy controls, 14% and 10%, respectively ( P = .54). CD24 protein levels were significantly higher among CRC patients. There were no significant differences in CD24 expression between CRC patients at different stages of the disease or between patients who carry the mutation and those who did not. Conclusions CD24 genetic variant might be of clinical value for risk assessment as part of cancer prevention programs. Further study on larger populations is needed to validate the importance of this dinucleotide deletion in CRC development. Overexpression of CD24 protein occurs early along the multistep process of CRC carcinogenesis, and a simple blood sample based on CD24 expression on peripheral blood leukocytes can contribute to early diagnosis.

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