scholarly journals Temporal Changes in Breast Milk Fatty Acids Contents: A Case Study of Malay Breastfeeding Women

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Geok Lin Khor ◽  
Seok Shin Tan ◽  
Eline Stoutjesdijk ◽  
Kock Wai Tony Ng ◽  
Ilse Khouw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The composition of human breast milk changes in the first two months of life, adapting itself to the evolving needs of the growing new-born. Lipids in milk are a source of energy, essential fatty acids (FA), fat-soluble vitamins, and vital bioactive components. Information on breast milk FA of Malaysian lactating women is scarce. Based on convenience sampling, a total of 20 Malay breastfeeding women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. Breast milk was collected three times from each subject at consecutive intervals of 2–3 weeks apart. A total of 60 breast milk samples were collected and classified into “transitional milk” (n = 8), “early milk” (n = 26) and “mature milk” (n = 26). All milk samples were air freighted to University of Groningen, Netherlands for analysis. The dominant breast milk FA were oleic acid, constituting 33% of total fatty acids, followed by palmitic acid (26%). Both these FA and the essential FA, linoleic acid (10%) and alpha-linolenic acid (0.4%), showed no significant changes from transitional to mature milk. Breast milk ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was comparatively high, exceeding 10 throughout the lactation period, suggesting a healthier balance of PUFA intake is needed in pregnancy and at postpartum.

scholarly journals Human Milk Fat Substitutes from Lard and Hemp Seed Oil Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7014
Author(s):  
Joanna Bryś ◽  
Agata Górska ◽  
Ewa Ostrowska-Ligęza ◽  
Magdalena Wirkowska-Wojdyła ◽  
Andrzej Bryś ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Hemp Seed

This paper discusses our attempt to generate substitutes for human breast milk fat through the interesterification of mixtures composed of lard and hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil. The interesterification was run at 60 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM preparation containing a lipase specific for the cleavage of sn-1,3 ester bonds in triacylglycerol molecules. The interesterification products were analyzed regarding their fatty acid composition and distribution in triacylglycerol molecules. In order to assess the quality of the generated substitutes, in the interesterification products the following were determined: acid value, peroxide number, and oxidative stability. The collected data were statistically processed using Tukey’s test. Following the interesterification, the fats revealed an elevated percentage of free fatty acids and primary oxidation products and reduced oxidative stability compared to those of lard. The last of the above-mentioned phenomena could have been due to the incorporation of polyenic fatty acids into the external positions of triacyclglycerols of lard. The interesterification of lard and hemp seed oil allows scientists to acquire substitutes rich in essential fatty acids and similar to human breast milk fat with respect to the distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules.

scholarly journals An updated review of worldwide levels of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in human breast milk by region

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 2675-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanqing Fu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Bing Zhou ◽  
Alice C Jiang ◽  
Lingying Chai
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Future Population

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in human breast milk worldwide by country, region and socio-economic status.DesignDescriptive review conducted on English publications reporting breast-milk DHA and AA levels.SettingWe systematically searched and identified eligible literature in PubMed from January 1980 to July 2015. Data on breast-milk DHA and AA levels from women who had given birth to term infants were included.SubjectsSeventy-eight studies from forty-one countries were included with 4163 breast-milk samples of 3746 individuals.ResultsWorldwide mean levels of DHA and AA in breast milk were 0·37 (sd0·11) % and 0·55 (sd0·14) % of total fatty acids, respectively. The breast-milk DHA levels from women with accessibility to marine foods were significantly higher than those from women without accessibility (0·35 (sd0·20) %v. 0·25 (sd0·14) %,P<0·05). Data from the Asian region showed the highest DHA concentration but much lower AA concentration in breast milk compared with all other regions, independent of accessibility to marine foods. Comparison was made among Canada, Poland and Japan – three typical countries (each with sample size of more than 100 women) from different regions but all with high income and similar accessibility to fish/marine foods.ConclusionsThe current review provides an update on worldwide variation in breast-milk DHA and AA levels and underlines the need for future population- or region-specific investigations.

scholarly journals Neutral Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Associated with Multiple Fixed and Modifiable Maternal and Infant Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meichen Wang ◽  
Zhenwen Zhao ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactation Stage

We aimed to identify if maternal and infant factors were associated with neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) variability and examined the associations between HMOs concentration and infant growth and disease status in healthy Chinese mothers over a 6-month lactation period. We recruited mothers and their full-term infants as our subjects. At 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 4 weeks, and 6 months postpartum, all participants were interviewed to collect breast milk samples, obtain follow-up data and measure infant length and weight at their local hospital. A total of 23 neutral HMOs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- mass spectrometer (MS). Secretor and Lewis phenotype were determined by the concentration of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP)-II. The associations between maternal and infant factors with HMOs concentrations were investigated. A total of 464 human breast milk samples were collected from 116 mothers at four different time points. In total, 76.7% mothers were found to be Secretor and Lewis positive phenotype (Se+Le+), 17.2% were Se-Le+, 4.3% were Se+Le-, and 1.7% were Se-Le-. Several individual HMOs, including 2′-FL, Lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), LNFP-I were determined by Secretor phenotype. Most individual HMOs decreased at the later stage of lactation, except 3′-FL. We suggest that Secretor phenotype and lactation stage could influence most of the neutral HMOs. Concentrations of specific HMOs may be associated with maternal age, allergic history, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, infant gestational age and gender.

scholarly journals The Effect of Maternal Obesity on Breast Milk Fatty Acids and Its Association with Infant Growth and Cognition—The PREOBE Follow-Up

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea de la Garza Puentes ◽  
Adrià Martí Alemany ◽  
Aida Maribel Chisaguano ◽  
Rosa Montes Goyanes ◽  
Ana I. Castellote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

This study analyzed how maternal obesity affected fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and their association with infant growth and cognition to raise awareness about the programming effect of maternal health and to promote a healthy prenatal weight. Mother–child pairs (n = 78) were grouped per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.99), overweight (BMI = 25–29.99) and obese (BMI > 30). Colostrum and mature milk FAs were determined. Infant anthropometry at 6, 18 and 36 months of age and cognition at 18 were analyzed. Mature milk exhibited lower arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among others, than colostrum. Breast milk of non-normal weight mothers presented increased saturated FAs and n6:n3 ratio and decreased α-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA and monounsaturated FAs. Infant BMI-for-age at 6 months of age was inversely associated with colostrum n6 (e.g., AA) and n3 (e.g., DHA) FAs and positively associated with n6:n3 ratio. Depending on the maternal weight, infant cognition was positively influenced by breast milk linoleic acid, n6 PUFAs, ALA, DHA and n3 LC-PUFAs, and negatively affected by n6:n3 ratio. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI can influence breast milk FAs and infant growth and cognition, endorsing the importance of a healthy weight in future generations.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ramiro-Cortijo ◽  
Pratibha Singh ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Esli Medina-Morales ◽  
William Yakah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Human Breast

Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.

scholarly journals Continued Breastfeeding and the Influence of Fatty Acids on Infant Neurological Maturation: a Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
Cristiane Movio ◽  
Solange Aparecida de Oliveira Neves
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Stomatognathic System ◽  
Muscle Balance ◽  
On Line

Abstract Breast milk is considered a complete food and the immediate effects of breastfeeding on the babies’neurological development are already recognized. This study aimed to describe the importance of continued breastfeeding and the influence of fatty acids on the infant's neurological maturation. For the study development, a systematic review was adopted, in which online search bases such as SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar were used and whose publications comprised the period from 2008 to 2021. Out of the 969 articles found, 47 of them were selected that fulfilled the objective of the study. Breast milk is essential for the child's development and the benefits extend into adulthood, such as less chance of developing obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypersensitivity reactions, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. The mother-child bond is strengthened, enabling the child to develop emotionally, in addition to reducing the incidence of cancer in the mother. Breast milk has essential fatty acids (AGEs), such as linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid , which are essential for the development of neurological, visual and cellular activities. These compounds are present in breast milk in greater proportion than other types of milk and the more the mother ingests foods such as deep and cold water fish, seeds, flaxseed, chia, the greater the presence of AGEs and more benefits for the embryo-fetal period and for the infant. Thus, encouraging the breast milk consumption through suction improves stomatognathic functions, promoting harmonious orofacial growth, muscle balance, breathing coordination and proper tongue posture. Keywords: Milk, Human. Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences. Stomatognathic System. Resumo O leite materno é considerado um alimento completo e os efeitos imediatos da amamentação no desenvolvimento neurológico dos bebês já é reconhecido. Esse estudo teve como objetivo descrever a importância da amamentação continuada e a influência dos ácidos graxos na maturação neurológica do lactente. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, adotou-se uma revisão sistemática, no qual foram utilizadas as bases de busca on line como SciELO, PubMed e Google Acadêmico e cujas publicações compreenderam o período entre de 2008 a 2021. Dos 969 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados 48 que atenderam ao objetivo do estudo. O leite materno é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da criança e os benefícios se estendem até a vida adulta, tais como menor chances de desenvolver obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, reações de hipersensibilidade, doenças respiratórias e gastrintestinais. O vínculo mãe-filho fica fortalecido, dando condições à criança de se desenvolver emocionalmente, além de diminuir a incidência de câncer na mãe. O leite materno possui ácidos graxos essenciais (AGE), como linoleico e linolênico, que são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento das atividades neurológicas, visuais e celulares. Esses compostos estão presentes no leite materno em maior proporção que outros tipos de leite e quanto mais a mãe ingerir alimentos como peixes de águas profundas e frias, sementes, linhaça, chia, maior será a presença dos AGE e mais benefícios para o período embriofetal e para o lactente. Desta forma incentivar o consumo de leite materno de forma prolongada, pela sucção melhora as funções estomatognáticas, promovendo crescimento orofacial harmonioso, equilíbrio da musculatura, coordenação da respiração e postura adequada de língua. Palavras-chave: Leite Humano. Fonoaudiologia. Sistema Estomatognatico.

scholarly journals Composition in fatty acids of mature milk of nursing mothers

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-825
Author(s):  
Ronilson Ferreira Freitas ◽  
Mariana de Souza Macedo ◽  
Angelina do Carmo Lessa ◽  
Vany Perpétua Ferraz ◽  
Nayanne Oliveira Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nursing Mothers

Abstract Objectives: to determine the fatty acid composition of mature milk of nursing mothers and its distribution according to some maternal variables. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study based on the eva-luation of the fatty acid profile of mature human milk. Samples of mature breast milk were taken from 106 nursing mothers, by manual milking and who were after the 5th postpartum week. The milk fat extraction was carried out by using the Bligh and Dyer method and methy-lated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide in methanol diethyl ether. The fatty acid of the milk profile was determined by a Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results: among the saturated fatty acids, the highest values were observed for palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0) and lauric (C12:0) fatty acids, respectively. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, there was a higher contribution of oleic (C18:1) and palmi-toleic (C16:1) fatty acids, respectively. The total essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) was 14.94%. Conclusions: a low content of essential fatty acids in the breast milk of the nursing mothers was observed in the present study, which are important for infant growth and deve-lopment. We suggest the need to implement nutrition education strategies aimed for pregnant women and nursing mothers who should be advised to eat healthier foods.

scholarly journals Polyamines in human breast milk for preterm and term infants

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Plaza-Zamora ◽  
M. Sabater-Molina ◽  
M. Rodríguez-Palmero ◽  
M. Rivero ◽  
V. Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Transition Milk

Maternal milk is the first source of exogenous polyamines for the newborn. Polyamines modulate gut maturation in neonates, but no studies are available on polyamine concentration in human milk of preterm babies, even though they could be important for their immature gut. The present study aimed to determine polyamine concentration in human breast milk of mothers with preterm or term infants during the first month of lactation. Human milk samples were obtained during the first month of lactation from twenty-seven mothers with preterm babies and twelve mothers with babies born at term. The polyamine concentration in human milk was quantified by HPLC. During the first month of lactation, the total polyamine concentration was significantly higher in preterm milk than in term milk samples (7590 (sd 4990) v. 4660 (sd 4830) nmol/l, respectively (P =0·034)), as well as individual polyamine concentrations. Polyamine concentration in mature milk for preterm babies was significantly higher than that in mature milk for babies at term, and a similar trend was observed in colostrum and transition human milk. The spermidine/spermine ratio was higher in transition milk in preterm v. term samples, while in mature milk, the ratio was significantly lower in preterm than in term babies. In conclusion, the polyamine concentration was significantly higher in human milk for preterm than for term infants. This and the different spermidine/spermine ratios could influence the gut development of premature babies.

scholarly journals Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Giovanna Trinchese ◽  
Fabiano Cimmino ◽  
Eduardo Penna ◽  
Gina Cavaliere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P &lt; .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

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