scholarly journals Nutrition, Microbiota and Role of Gut-Brain Axis in Subjects with Phenylketonuria (PKU): A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3319
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Maria Teresa Carbone ◽  
Elisa Borghi ◽  
Emerenziana Ottaviano ◽  
Alberto Burlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Host Metabolism

The composition and functioning of the gut microbiota, the complex population of microorganisms residing in the intestine, is strongly affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, among which diet is key. Important perturbations of the microbiota have been observed to contribute to disease risk, as in the case of neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, among others. Although mechanisms are not fully clarified, nutrients interacting with the microbiota are thought to affect host metabolism, immune response or disrupt the protective functions of the intestinal barrier. Similarly, key intermediaries, whose presence may be strongly influenced by dietary habits, sustain the communication along the gut-brain-axis, influencing brain functions in the same way as the brain influences gut activity. Due to the role of diet in the modulation of the microbiota, its composition is of high interest in inherited errors of metabolism (IEMs) and may reveal an appealing therapeutic target. In IEMs, for example in phenylketonuria (PKU), since part of the therapeutic intervention is based on chronic or life-long tailored dietetic regimens, important variations of the microbial diversity or relative abundance have been observed. A holistic approach, including a healthy composition of the microbiota, is recommended to modulate host metabolism and affected neurological functions.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Inflammation with Respect to Diet and Extrinsic Stressors

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefani Lobionda ◽  
Panida Sittipo ◽  
Hyog Young Kwon ◽  
Yun Kyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and regulates several important functions including host metabolism, immunity, and intestinal barrier function. Intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota and associated changes in metabolites as well as disruptions in the intestinal barrier are evidence of the relationship between the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Recent studies have found that many factors may alter the gut microbiota, with the effects of diet being commonly-studied. Extrinsic stressors, including environmental stressors, antibiotic exposure, sleep disturbance, physical activity, and psychological stress, may also play important roles in altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the roles of the gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation in relation to diet and other extrinsic stressors.

Role of MicroRNAs in Colon Cancer Progression and Metastasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruthi Sanjitha Sampath ◽  
Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalsubramanian ◽  
Satish Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Colon Cancer Progression ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the mRNA of their target genes. The dysfunction of miRNAs is strongly associated with the inflammation of the colon. Besides, some microRNAs are shown to suppress tumours while others promote tumour progression and metastasis. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis which increase the risk factor for inflammation-associated colon cancer. MicroRNAs are shown to be involved in gastrointestinal pathologies, by targeting the transcripts encoding proteins of the intestinal barrier and their regulators that are associated with inflammation and colon cancer. Detection of these microRNAs in the blood, serum, tissues, faecal matter, etc will enable us to use these microRNAs as biomarkers for early detection of the associated malignancies and design novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the same. Information on MicroRNAs can be applied for the development of targeted therapies against inflammation-mediated colon cancer.

Extra-articular manifestations: inflammatory bowel disease

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Elewaut ◽  
Heleen Cypers ◽  
Matthew L. Stoll ◽  
Charles O. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

A significant overlap exists between spondyloarthritis (SpA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in the IL-23/IL-17 pathway. Shared immunologic mechanisms include aberrant innate immune responses, an excess of Th1/Th17-mediated immunity, and inadequate immune regulation. Many genetic factors associated with IBD are involved in host–pathogen interactions and intestinal barrier function, and the intestinal microbiota do appear to play an important role in disease development. Hence the current hypothesis for IBD pathogenesis is that it stems from a dysregulated immune response to intestinal microbiota in a genetically susceptible host. In SpA, evidence for a role of intestinal microbiota is less abundant, but given the overlap with IBD, it is plausible that gut microbiota are important players in SpA pathogenesis as well. However, there are significant genetic differences between these two conditions, as well as differing responses to biologic therapy.

Vedolizumab

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Poulakos ◽  
Jade D. Machin ◽  
Julienne Pauly ◽  
Yasmin Grace
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that encompass Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In these disease states, epithelial damage of the intestinal mucosa is evident due to increased lymphocyte trafficking to the area, which affects the normal intestinal barrier function. Currently available pharmacotherapy can be limited in terms of efficacy and associated toxicities. Newer agents have emerged, including the monoclonal antibody natalizumab, which antagonizes integrin, an important component within the inflammation cascade. Natalizumab works by modulating both the GI and brain biologic responses and as a result there is risk of the opportunistic infection known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), putting patients at risk for severe disability and death. Vedolizumab, another integrin inhibitor, is selective for modulating the gut biologic response but not the brain, consequently decreasing the risk for PML. To generate information regarding the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of IBD, a literature search was conducted, yielding 7 phase I to III clinical trials. This article serves as a summary of efficacy, safety, and other relevant information from clinical studies to explore the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of CD and UC.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Sarcopenia: The Role of Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Muscle Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Maria Nardone ◽  
Roberto de Sire ◽  
Valentina Petito ◽  
Anna Testa ◽  
Guido Villani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Sarcopenia represents a major health burden in industrialized country by reducing substantially the quality of life. Indeed, it is characterized by a progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function, leading to an increased risk of adverse outcomes and hospitalizations. Several factors are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, such as aging, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Recently, it has been reported that more than one third of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients suffered from sarcopenia. Notably, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in developing muscle failure in IBD patient is a matter of increasing interest. It has been hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, that typically characterizes IBD, might alter the immune response and host metabolism, promoting a low-grade inflammation status able to up-regulate several molecular pathways related to sarcopenia. Therefore, we aim to describe the basis of IBD-related sarcopenia and provide the rationale for new potential therapeutic targets that may regulate the gut-muscle axis in IBD patients.

scholarly journals A New Look at the Pathogenesis and Possibilities of Treatment and Prevention of Autoimmune Diseases with the Role of the Intestinal Barrier and Increased Intestinal Permeability

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
T.V. Kostoglod ◽  
◽  
T.S. Krolevets ◽  
M.A. Livzan
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Relationship

We described components of the intestinal barrier that maintains to integrity and assess their contribution and development of leaky gut syndrome. The relationship between intestinal permeability syndrome and excessive bacterial translocation with autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune hepatitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed. The reasons for the occurrence of this syndrome were considered, its importance in the occurrence of these diseases, as well as in the development of therapeutic and preventive measures, was determined.

Talk about micromanaging! Role of microRNAs in intestinal barrier function

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. G170-G174
Author(s):  
Rana Al-Sadi ◽  
Jessica Engers ◽  
Raz Abdulqadir
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Great Insight ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Integrity

Defective intestinal tight-junction (TJ) barrier has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. The role of microRNAs (miRNA’s or miR’s) has also been demonstrated in the last two decades in the pathogenesis of IBD and in the regulation of intestinal TJ barrier function. MiRNAs are noncoding regulators of gene expression at the posttranscription level that have an essential role in targeting transcripts encoding proteins of intestinal TJs and their regulators. Many miRNAs have been reported to regulate or deregulate the TJ proteins responsible for the intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal permeability. Many of those miRNAs have been reported to have essential roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this mini-review, we summarize the results of studies in the last three years that implicate miRNAs in the defective TJ barrier in relation to IBD. The therapeutic potential of using specific miRNAs to target the intestinal TJ barrier might be of great insight for IBD therapy.

scholarly journals Impact of antibiotic perturbation on intestinal viral communities in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Moltzau Anderson ◽  
Tim Lachnit ◽  
Simone Lipinski ◽  
Maren Falk-Paulsen ◽  
Philip Rosenstiel
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Highly Correlated

Viruses and bacteriophages have a strong impact on intestinal barrier function and the composition and functional properties of commensal bacterial communities. To improve our understanding of the role of the enteric intestinal virome, we longitudinally characterized the virome in fecal samples from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and knock-out (KO) NOD2 mice in response to an antibiotic perturbation. Sequencing of viral-like-particles (VLPs) demonstrated both a high diversity and high inter-individual variation of the murine gut virome composed of eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages. Antibiotics also had a significant impact on the gut murine virome causing a delayed resilience independent of genotype. However, compositional shifts in the virome and bacteriome were highly correlated, indicating a possible role of the virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Bacteriophage species may be playing an important role in either upregulating or downregulating the bacterial community, and restoring a healthy virome may therefore be a central goal of microbiota-targeted therapies.

scholarly journals Role of stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3248
Author(s):  
Shu-Ling Wang ◽  
Sheng-Bing Zhao ◽  
Jun Fang ◽  
Dan Ma ◽  
Hong-Yu Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel
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