scholarly journals Estimation of Sodium and Potassium Intake: Current Limitations and Future Perspectives

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bigina N.R. Ginos ◽  
Rik H.G. Olde Engberink
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Globally, average dietary sodium intake is double the recommended amount, whereas potassium is often consumed in suboptimal amounts. High sodium diets are associated with increased cardiovascular and renal disease risk, while potassium may have protective properties. Consequently, patients at risk of cardiovascular and renal disease are urged to follow these recommendations, but dietary adherence is often low due to high sodium and low potassium content in processed foods. Adequate monitoring of intake is essential to guide dietary advice in clinical practice and can be used to investigate the relationship between intake and health outcomes. Daily sodium and potassium intake is often estimated with 24-h sodium and potassium excretion, but long-term balance studies demonstrate that this method lacks accuracy on an individual level. Dietary assessment tools and spot urine collections also exhibit poor performance when estimating individual sodium and potassium intake. Collection of multiple consecutive 24-h urines increases accuracy, but also patient burden. In this narrative review, we discuss current approaches to estimating dietary sodium and potassium intake. Additionally, we explore alternative methods that may improve test accuracy without increasing burden.

ALDOSTERONE SECRETION RATES IN CHILDREN WITH NORMAL ADRENAL FUNCTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-593
Author(s):  
George T. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Secretion Rates

Aldosterone secretion rate (ASR) was measured in 17 children during low, normal, and high dietary sodium intakes. Their ages varied from 3 months to 16 years; there were eight girls and nine boys. The average ASR with low, normal, and high sodium intakes were 236, 77, and 18 µg/ day respectively. The independent contribution of patient age, sex, sodium and potassium intake, and duration of fixed sodium intake was tested by least squares multiple regression analysis. The most important independent variable was sodium intake, although the sex and age of the patient were statistically significant variables. From this study it seems unlikely that precise control of all nutrients is necessary for evaluation of ASR if careful attention is paid to sodium intake.

Daily dietary sodium and potassium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

1999 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Van Cauwenbergh ◽  
Peter Hendrix ◽  
H. J. Robberecht ◽  
Hendrik A. Deelstra
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Duplicate Portion Sampling ◽  
Duplicate Portion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2022 ◽  
pp. 109980042110654
Author(s):  
María Correa-Rodríguez ◽  
Sara DelOlmo-Romero ◽  
Gabriela Pocovi-Gerardino ◽  
José-Luis Callejas-Rubio ◽  
Raquel Ríos-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Complement C4 ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Dietary Potassium ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium:potassium ratio and clinical disease activity parameters, damage accrual, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population of patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Research design and study sample: A cross-sectional study including a total of 280 patients was conducted (90.4% females; mean age 46.9 ± 12.85 years). Data collection: The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to assess disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. A 24-hour diet recall was used to estimate dietary intake of sodium and potassium. Results: Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA ( β  =  −.005; 95% CI [.002 .008]; p = .001) and complement C4 level ( β  =  −.002; 95% CI [−.003, .000]; p = .039). Dietary potassium intake was also significantly associated with complement C3 level ( β  =  −.004; 95% CI [−.007, −.001]; p = .021). Multiple logistic regression models revealed a positive association between dietary sodium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .005) and an inverse association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .004). Conclusions: SLE patients with higher dietary sodium and lower dietary potassium intakes had an increased risk of higher hsCRP. Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA and complement C4 level, while dietary potassium intake was associated with complement C3 level, supporting that dietary sodium and potassium intakes might play a key role in markers related to disease activity in SLE patients.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake on the Mobilization of Bone Lead among Middle-Aged and Older Men: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Douglas Kim ◽  
Katherine L. Tucker ◽  
Marc G. Weisskopf ◽  
David Sparrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Normative Aging Study ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Urinary Lead ◽  
Normative Aging ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Bone is a major storage site as well as an endogenous source of lead in the human body. Dietary sodium and potassium intake may play a role in the mobilization of lead from bone to the circulation. We examined whether association between bone lead and urinary lead, a marker of mobilized lead in plasma, was modified by dietary intake of sodium and potassium among 318 men, aged 48–93 years, in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Normative Aging Study. Dietary sodium and potassium were assessed by flame photometry using 24-h urine samples, and a sodium-to-potassium ratio was calculated from the resulting measures. Patella and tibia bone lead concentrations were measured by K-shell-x-ray fluorescence. Urinary lead was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy in 24-h urine samples. Linear regression models were used to regress creatinine clearance-corrected urinary lead on bone lead, testing multiplicative interactions with tertiles of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio, separately. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, vitamin C intake, calcium, and total energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of sodium-to-potassium ratio showed 28.1% (95% CI: 12.5%, 45.9%) greater urinary lead per doubling increase in patella lead, whereas those in the second and lowest tertiles had 13.8% (95% CI: −1.7%, 31.7%) and 5.5% (95% CI: −8.0%, 21.0%) greater urinary lead, respectively (p-for-interaction = 0.04). No statistically significant effect modification by either sodium or potassium intake alone was observed. These findings suggest that relatively high intake of sodium relative to potassium may play an important role in the mobilization of lead from bone into the circulation.

P1690Lab-on-a-chip based self-monitoring device for dietary intake of potassium and sodium: the LAB-CHIPS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Vendeville ◽  
H A H Kaasjager ◽  
R E A Musson ◽  
W Spiering
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Monitoring Device ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Kawasaki Formula

Abstract Background Dietary sodium restriction and upholding adequate potassium intake is an important lifestyle modification strategy advocated in guidelines for the management of hypertension and for lowering cardiovascular risk in the general population. The gold standard for estimating sodium and potassium intake, 24-hour urine collection (24hUc), is time consuming and cumbersome, but most importantly not a good indicator of dietary habit due to day-to-day variation. New lab-on-a-chip technology has been developed to measure urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion in a single drop of urine using microcapillary electrophoreses combined with conductivity analyses. Self-monitoring can be done at home over a longer period of time. Results are readily available. Purpose To assess agreement between 24hUc and the lab-on-a-chip self-monitoring device for estimating past 24h dietary sodium and potassium intake for single and multiple self-tests by using the Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka formulae. Methods Healthy participants (n=12) were asked to adhere to three different weekly dietary sodium restriction goals. Participants received verbal and written information to aim between 3.3 and 5.0 grams of sodium intake a day during week 1 (“normal”), >3.3<5.0 grams in week 2 (low) and >5.0 grams during week 3 (high). Weekly measurement instructions consisted of one self-test on day 1 through 6 and multiple self-tests (n=3) combined with a 24hUc on day 7. To estimate 24h sodium and potassium intake, Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka formulas were used. The Bland-Altman method was used to calculate the agreement. Results The agreement (mg/day) for sodium between 24hUc and a self-test on first morning urine (fmu) (Kawasaki), was −102±804 (normal), −860±592 (low) and 340±1406 (high). For multiple self-tests (n=3) performed on 24hUc days, using the INTERSALT formula, the agreement was: 577±832 (normal), −701±721 (low) and 1788±911 (high). Any combination of same day single or multiple INTERSALT or Tanaka self-tests and fmu Kawasaki did not result in better agreement. For potassium the agreement between 24hUc and fmu (Kawaksaki) was 1071±966 (normal), 1376±678 (low) and 1654±880 (high). Using the Tanaka formula resulted in further underestimation and thus worse agreement for same day self-tests and fmu. Conclusion In this study, agreement between 24hUc and the lab-on-a-chip self-monitoring device for estimating past 24h dietary sodium intake was best for a fmu self-test calculated with the Kawasaki formula. For estimating potassium intake, a fmu self-test with help of the Kawasaki formula overestimated potassium intake considerably. This lab-on-a-chip self-monitoring device has the potential to improve current lifestyle modification strategies.

CHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY ALDOSTERONE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 425-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Nowaczynski ◽  
Erich Koiw ◽  
Jacques Genest
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorption ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Pregnancy Anxiety ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

A new method of purification of crude neutral extracts of urine for the isolation and determination of aldosterone is presented. The specificity and accuracy of the method depend upon the high degree of purity of the aldosterone isolated. The assertion that the substance isolated is aldosterone is based on the mobilities in the three chromatographic systems used, on the typical ultraviolet absorption curve, on the satisfactory agreement between the values obtained by ultraviolet absorption and by blue tetrazolium reaction, and by the typical chromogen spectra in concentrated sulphuric acid and in 100% phosphoric acid. Values obtained in nine normal subjects on ordinary diets vary from 2.2 to 10 μg. per day with a mean of 5.1. Illustrations of results obtained during pregnancy, anxiety state, and periods of high potassium and combined high sodium and potassium intake are presented.

scholarly journals Salt Consumption in Latvian Population: A Pilot Study

Medicina ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ilva Lazda ◽  
Māris Goldmanis ◽  
Inese Siksna
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Dietary Data

Background and objective: High dietary sodium intake is associated with multiple health risks, and the average sodium intake in Latvia is higher than the World Health Organization has recommended. In Latvia, no study so far has combined self-reported dietary data on sodium and potassium intake with objective measurements in 24-h urine samples. This pilot study aimed to cross-validate both methods and to assess any possible factors interfering with the collection of samples and data in large, population-based future studies of sodium and potassium intake in Latvian adults. Materials and methods: A stratified random sample of healthy Latvian adults aged 19–64 (n = 30) was drawn. Dietary data of sodium and potassium was collected using one 24-h dietary recall and a two-day food diary. Sodium and potassium excretion was measured by one 24-h urinary collection. Results: Median intake of sodium and potassium based on dietary data was 2276.4 mg/day (interquartile range (IQR), 1683.3–3979.4) and 2172.0 mg/day (IQR, 1740.6–3506.5), respectively. Median intake of sodium and potassium based on urinary data was 3500.3 mg/day (IQR, 2191.0–5535.0) and 2965.4 mg/day (IQR, 2530.2–3749.9), respectively. Urinary data showed significantly higher results than dietary records (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.023). Only 13% of the subjects did not exceed the WHO-recommended limit of 2000 mg of sodium per day, and only 33% consumed at least the recommended allowance of 3510 mg of potassium per day. Median intake of salt was 8.8 g/day (IQR, 5.5–13.8) (according to urinary data). Conclusions: The findings from the present study showed considerable underestimation of dietary sodium and potassium intake based on self-reported dietary data. Urinary data revealed more accurate results, and showed that Latvian adults exceed the amount of salt recommended and consume less potassium than recommended. The pilot study also showed that the chosen methods are adequate for implementation in large, population-based studies to evaluate dietary intake of salt, sodium, and potassium in populations of Latvian adults.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake on the Mobilization of Bone Lead among Middle-aged and Older Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Wang X ◽  
Kim D ◽  
Tucker K ◽  
Weisskopf M ◽  
Sparrow D ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Men ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Sodium And Potassium
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