scholarly journals Designing an Effective Front-of-Package Warning Label for Food and Drinks High in Added Sugar, Sodium, or Saturated Fat in Colombia: An Online Experiment

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3124
Author(s):  
Lindsey Smith Taillie ◽  
Marissa G. Hall ◽  
Luis Fernando Gómez ◽  
Isabella Higgins ◽  
Maxime Bercholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Randomized Experiment ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Message Effectiveness ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
The One ◽  
Package Labeling

Policies to require warnings on the front of food and drinks high in nutrients of concern (e.g., added sugar, sodium, or saturated fat) are becoming increasingly common as an obesity prevention strategy. Colombia, a country with growing prevalence of obesity, is considering implementing a similar policy. The objective of this study was to assess perceptions and reactions to different warning designs. We conducted a randomized experiment in an online panel of adults age > 18y (n = 1997). Participants were randomized to view one of four labels: a control label (barcode), an octagon warning, a circle warning, and a triangle warning. Participants viewed their randomly assigned label on a series of products and answered questions (continuous outcomes ranged from 1–4). Compared to the control, all warnings led to higher perceived message effectiveness (increase in mean from 1.79 in the control to 2.59–2.65 in the warning conditions, p < 0.001), a higher percentage of participants who correctly identified products high in nutrients of concern (from 48% in the control condition to 84–89% in the warning conditions, p < 0.001), and reduced intentions to purchases these products (decrease in mean from 2.59 to 1.99–2.01 in the warning conditions, p < 0.001). Relative to the control, warnings performed similarly across education levels, suggesting this policy would be equitable in Colombia. Looking at differences by warning type, the pattern of results suggested that the octagon warnings performed best. After viewing all label types, 49% of participants selected the octagon warning as the one that most discouraged them from consuming products high in nutrients of concern, while 21% and 27% selected the circle and triangle warning. Colombian policymakers should consider the octagon warning as part of a front-of-package labeling policy to help consumers identify and reduce consumption of foods and drinks high in nutrients of concern.

scholarly journals Impact of nutrient warning labels on choice of ultra-processed food and drinks high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fat in Colombia: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽  
Isabella Higgins ◽  
Luis Fernando Gomez ◽  
Marissa G. Hall ◽  
Maria Fernanda Parra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Fruit Drink ◽  
The Impact

Abstract ObjectiveThis study assessed the impact of nutrient warning labels on product selection and ability to correctly identify less healthy products, among other outcomes, in Colombia. MethodsWe conducted an online randomized experiment among 8,061 Colombians in October 2020. Participants were assigned to a condition: nutrient warning, guideline daily amounts (GDA), Nutri-Score, or no-label. First, participants viewed two fruit drinks labeled according to their assigned condition, one with added sugar and one without, and indicated which they would prefer to buy and which was higher in sugar. Next, they viewed four food products with their assigned condition and answered questions. Finally, they selected which label type would most discourage them from consuming a specified ultra-processed food. ResultsFewer participants in the nutrient warning condition (20%) preferred to buy the added sugar fruit drink compared to 24% in the GDA condition (p<.01), 29% in the no-label condition, and 33% in the Nutri-Score condition (both, p<.001). More participants who saw the nutrient warning (88%) correctly identified the fruit drink higher in sugar compared to those who saw no-label (68%) or Nutri-Score (65%) (both, p<.001). In the GDA condition, 91% correctly identified the fruit drink higher in sugar compared to the nutrient warning condition (p<.01). Most participants (72%) selected the nutrient warning label as most discouraging. ConclusionsNutrient warning labels are a promising policy strategy to prevent obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases in Colombia. Future research should assess nutrient warning labels’ impact on actual food purchases in Colombia. Trial Registration: NCT04567004

scholarly journals The impacts on food purchases and tax revenues of a tax based on Chile’s nutrient profiling model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260693
Author(s):  
M. Arantxa Colchero ◽  
Guillermo Paraje ◽  
Barry M. Popkin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
The Impact

Background In June 2016, Chile implemented the Law of Food Labelling and Advertising, which included a mandatory front-of-pack warning labels on food and beverages high in added sugar, saturated fat, sodium or energy density, restrictions on child-directed marketing and on the promotion and sales of these products in schools. The regulation does not include taxes although Chile had implemented a tiered tax on SSBs two years before this law was implemented. Therefore, the objective of the study was to simulate the impact of taxing food and beverages based on the cutoff’s points for warning labels on purchases and revenues. Methods We derived price elasticities using the linear approximation of the almost ideal demand system for six groups of labeled food and beverages (with a warning label based on the regulation) and unlabeled (with no warning label): 1) unlabeled beverages, 2) labeled beverages, 3) unlabeled cereal based products, 4) labeled cereal based products, 5) labeled meat and fish and 6) labeled sweet snacks and desserts. The study used data on household food beverage purchases from the Kantar WorldPanel Chile and Euromonitor sales to adjust the Kantar elasticity results to the national average. We estimated revenues under three tax scenarios for all labeled food and beverages: 10%, 20%, 30% of the final price excluding taxes. Results Except for labeled fish and meat, all food and beverage groups were price elastic. After accounting for a reduction in consumption after the taxes, economic and population growth, revenues for all groups could reach between 457 million USD to 1.3 billion USD. These results based on the much larger tax base of these labeled “high in added sugar, salt or saturated fat or energy density” foods and beverages is much larger. Conclusion This fiscal package could be implemented in countries with warning labels to enhance health and welfare. The Chilean warning label front-of-the-package system provides an important guide for countries considering policies to reduce diet-related non communicable diseases, including obesity. The fiscal policy impact alone, as shown here for Chile, will be highly impactful in reducing ultra-processed food intake and generating revenues.

An exploration of food industry led reformulation on fortified food staples in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daragh McMenemy ◽  
Frances Kelly ◽  
Mary Rose Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Fortified Food ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Food Staples ◽  
Serving Sizes

Abstract Background Food industry led reformulation efforts have attempted to address the prevalence of obesity by modifying nutrient compositions in food products. This study explored progress in nutrient composition alterations in products in Irish supermarkets by comparing the nutrient labels of products sold in 2014 and 2017. Methods We conducted two supermarket audits in 2014 and 2017 to examine the changes in the nutrient profile of cereals, breads, spreads, unflavoured milks, yogurts and juices. Information on the nutrients of interest to the study (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, saturated fat, salt, sugar and some micronutrients) were extracted and stored in Microsoft Excel. The nutrient profile of each product was compared across the two timepoints. Our study shows that the mean level of sugars in cereals remains high and that the mean level of salt remains high in cereals, breads, and spreads. Results In total, 143 products were directly compared (86 cereals, 26 breads, 17 spreads and 14 milks). Our study shows that the composition of salt and sugar in cereal, bread, spreads and milk has declined by 12 and 7%, respectively. Saturated fat has declined in cereals (7%), but has increased in breads (12%), spreads (1%), and milks (5%). Manufacturers increased the serving sizes in nine cereals and one milk. Conclusions From a population health perspective, the results are encouraging but care should be exercised by the food industry not to allow total fat and saturated fat levels to creep upwards. Further research and engagement of public health specialists and the food industry are needed.

scholarly journals Using Supermarket Loyalty Card Data to Provide Personalised Advice to Help Reduce Saturated Fat Intake among Patients with Hypercholesterolemia: A Qualitative Study of Participants’ Experiences

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1146
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Lee ◽  
Paul N. Aveyard ◽  
Susan A. Jebb ◽  
Carmen Piernas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Behavioural Intervention ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Acceptable Method ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Brief Advice ◽  
Loyalty Card

Background: The ‘Primary Care SHOPping Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention’ (PCSHOP) trial tested the effectiveness and feasibility of a behavioural intervention to reduce saturated fat in food purchases. The intervention offered feedback from data collected through a supermarket loyalty card to supplement brief advice from a nurse. This qualitative study aimed to describe participants’ experiences of receiving this intervention. Methods: We conducted semi-structured, one-to-one, telephone interviews with participants from the PCSHOP trial. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We employed the one sheet of paper technique and a thematic analysis to develop high-level themes in NVivo software. Results: Twenty-four participants were interviewed (mean age: 63 years (SD 12)). They reported that the brief advice did not provide any new information but they welcomed the sense of accountability the nurse provided. The personalised shopping feedback and healthier swap suggestions provided novel information that challenged previously held beliefs about the saturated fat content of food purchases and encouraged some positive dietary changes. However, the taste preferences of the participant or other household members were a barrier to changing food shopping behaviours. Conclusion: Harnessing loyalty card data is a novel and acceptable method to offering personalised dietary feedback. Yet, issues on the suitability of the healthier swap suggestions limited the extent of dietary change. Trial registration: ISRCTN14279335. Registered 1 September 2017.

scholarly journals Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Samuelson ◽  
Lars-Erik Bratteby ◽  
Rawya Mohsen ◽  
Bengt Vessby
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

The objective of the present study was to describe the intake of dietary fatty acids among healthy 15-year-old boys and girls and to relate the intake of specific fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters to serum lipid, apolipoprotein (Apo) and insulin concentrations respectively. Fifty-two girls and forty-two boys were randomly selected from the official population register. Unexpectedly, significant inverse associations were found between the dietary content of saturated fatty acids with a chain length of four to fifteen C atoms, mainly derived from milk fat, as well as the corresponding fatty acids in the serum cholesterol esters, on the one hand and the serum concentrations of cholesterol and ApoB on the other. The estimated dietary intake of 4:0–10:0, 12:0 and 14:0 respectively, were all significantly inversely related to the serum cholesterol (r-0.32,r-0.31,r-0.30, all P<0.05) and ApoB (r-0.42,r-0.42, andr-0.40, all P<0.05) concentrations in girls and 12:0 to the ApoB concentration (r-0.55, P<0.01) in boys. The proportions of 12:0 and 15:0 in the serum cholesterol esters were negatively correlated with the serum cholesterol concentrations in both girls (r-0.34,r-0.32, P<0.05) and boys (r-0.53, P<0.01;r-0.32, P<0.05) and with the ApoB concentrations among boys (r-0.61, P<0.01;r-0.43, P<0.05). It is conceivable that milk fat contains or is associated with some component in the diet, or some other characteristics of the food intake, which counterbalances the expected positive relationships between saturated fat intake and lipid levels.

scholarly journals Impact of nutrient warning labels on choice of ultra-processed food and drinks high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fat in Colombia: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽  
Isabella Higgins ◽  
Luis Fernando Gomez ◽  
Marissa G. Hall ◽  
Maria Fernanda Parra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Label Condition ◽  
Fruit Drink ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundFront-of-package nutrient warning labels are one promising policy to inform healthier food choices and purchasing decisions. This study aimed to identify the impact of nutrient warning labels on product selection and the ability to correctly identify products with an excess of critical nutrients, among other outcomes in Colombia.MethodsWe conducted an online randomized experiment among 8,061 Colombian adults in October 2020. Participants were randomly assigned to a front-of-package label condition: nutrient warning, guideline daily amounts (GDA), Nutri-Score, or a no-label condition. First, they viewed a fruit drink with added sugar that was labeled per their assigned condition and one without added sugar, which was only labeled in the GDA and Nutri-Score conditions, and completed selection tasks. The primary outcomes were 1) selection of the fruit drink with added sugar as the fruit drink they would rather buy and 2) correctly identifying which fruit drink was higher in sugar. Next, they viewed four food products (cookies, yogurt, sliced bread, and breakfast cereal) with their assigned condition and answered a series of questions. Finally, they selected which of the three label types would most discourage them from consuming a specified ultra-processed food.ResultsFewer participants in the nutrient warning condition (20%) selected the added sugar fruit drink as the product they would rather buy compared to 24% in the GDA condition (p<.01), 29% in the no-label condition, and 33% in the Nutri-Score condition (both, p<.001). More participants in the nutrient warning condition (88%) correctly identified the fruit drink higher in sugar compared to the no-label condition (68%) and the Nutri-Score condition (65%) (both, p<.001). More participants in the GDA condition (91%) correctly identified the fruit drink higher in sugar compared to the nutrient warning condition (p<.01). Most participants (72%) selected the nutrient warning label as most discouraging, while only 20% selected the GDA label and 9% selected the Nutri-Score label.ConclusionsNutrient warning labels are a promising policy strategy to prevent obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases in Colombia. Future research is needed to understand the impact of nutrient warning labels on actual ultra-processed food purchases in Colombia. Trial Registration: NCT04567004

OP50 Effects of reducing saturated fat, trans fat, salt and added sugar in the brazilian diet: cardiovascular modelling study

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A30.2-A31
Author(s):  
PVL Moreira ◽  
APB Martins ◽  
LG Baraldi ◽  
JC Moubarac ◽  
M Guzman-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Trans Fat ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Cardiovascular Modelling ◽  
Modelling Study

Economic Growth and Human Development since 1820

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-54
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the trends in economic growth and human development in Turkey during the last two centuries. Economists have learned a great deal about modern economic growth since the end of World War II. The large and growing literature has emphasized that increases in productivity, achieved through technological progress on the one hand, and increases in per capita physical capital and education levels, on the other, were the most important factors contributing to economic growth. In addition, the labor force is much better educated than in 1820. In short, technological change and higher rates of investment in both physical and human capital are seen today as the leading proximate causes of economic growth since the Industrial Revolution.

scholarly journals The healthfulness and prominence of sugar in child-targeted breakfast cereals in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Potvin Kent ◽  
Cher Cameron ◽  
Sarah Philippe
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marketing To Children

Introduction The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional content and healthfulness of child-targeted and “not child-targeted” breakfast cereals and to assess the predominance of added sugar in these products. Methods We collected data on the nutritional content of 262 unique breakfast cereals found in the five largest grocery store chains in Ottawa (Ontario) and Gatineau (Quebec). We noted the first five ingredients and the number of added sugars present in each cereal from the ingredients list. The various cereal brands were then classified as either “healthier” or “less healthy” using the UK Nutrient Profile Model. We assessed each cereal to determine if it was child-targeted or not, based on set criteria. Statistical comparisons were made between child and not child-targeted cereals. Results 19.8% of all breakfast cereals were child-targeted, and these were significantly lower in total and saturated fat. Child-targeted cereals were significantly higher in sodium and sugar and lower in fibre and protein, and were three times more likely to be classified as “less healthy” compared to not child-targeted cereals. No child-targeted cereals were sugar-free, and sugar was the second most common ingredient in 75% of cereals. Six breakfast cereal companies had child-targeted product lines that consisted entirely of “less healthy” cereals. Conclusion There is a need for regulations that restrict food marketing to children and youth under the age of 17 on packaging to reduce their appeal to this age group. Children’s breakfast cereals also need to be reformulated through government-set targets, or through regulation should compliance be deemed unacceptable.

scholarly journals Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (43) ◽  
pp. 26977-26984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Rapuano ◽  
Jennifer S. Laurent ◽  
Donald J. Hagler ◽  
Sean N. Hatton ◽  
Wesley K. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cellular Density ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Early Weight Gain ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents worldwide has quadrupled since 1975 and is a key predictor of obesity later in life. Previous work has consistently observed relationships between macroscale measures of reward-related brain regions (e.g., the nucleus accumbens [NAcc]) and unhealthy eating behaviors and outcomes; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Recent work has highlighted a potential role of neuroinflammation in the NAcc in animal models of diet-induced obesity. Here, we leverage a diffusion MRI technique, restriction spectrum imaging, to probe the microstructure (cellular density) of subcortical brain regions. More specifically, we test the hypothesis that the cell density of reward-related regions is associated with obesity-related metrics and early weight gain. In a large cohort of nine- and ten-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we demonstrate that cellular density in the NAcc is related to individual differences in waist circumference at baseline and is predictive of increases in waist circumference after 1 y. These findings suggest a neurobiological mechanism for pediatric obesity consistent with rodent work showing that high saturated fat diets increase gliosis and neuroinflammation in reward-related brain regions, which in turn lead to further unhealthy eating and obesity.

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