scholarly journals Differences and Similarities in the Peptide Profile of Preterm and Term Mother’s Milk, and Preterm and Term Infant Gastric Samples

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2825
Author(s):  
Søren D. Nielsen ◽  
Robert L. Beverly ◽  
Mark A. Underwood ◽  
David C. Dallas
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Peptide Profile ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
Mother's Milk ◽  
Mother’S Milk ◽  
Milk Peptides

Our previous studies revealed that milk proteases begin to hydrolyze proteins in the mammary gland and that proteolytic digestion continues within the infant stomach. No research has measured how the release of milk peptides differs between the gastric aspirates of term and premature infants. This study examined the presence of milk peptides in milk and gastric samples from term and preterm infants using an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Samples were collected from nine preterm-delivering and four term-delivering mother–infant pairs. Our study reveals an increased count and ion abundance of peptides and decreased peptide length from mother’s milk to the infant stomach, confirming that additional break-down of the milk proteins occurred in both preterm and term infants’ stomachs. Protein digestion occurred at a higher level in the gastric contents of term infants than in gastric contents of preterm infants. An amino acid cleavage site-based enzyme analysis suggested that the observed higher proteolysis in the term infants was due to higher pepsin/cathepsin D activity in the stomach. Additionally, there was a higher quantity of antimicrobial peptides in term infant gastric contents than in those of preterm infants, which could indicate that preterm infants benefit less from bioactive peptides in the gut.

Gastroesophageal Reflux and Prokinetic Agents

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davita Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Aspiration Pneumonia ◽  
Main Mechanism ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Poor Weight Gain

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GER), a common problem in preterm and term infants, occurs when there is retrograde movement of gastric contents into the esophagus. The severity of the reflux is related to the height of the gastric contents up into the esophagus or the oral pharynx. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is the main mechanism thought to be responsible for GER in infants.1–3In a study conducted by Marino and associates, approximately 60 percent of preterm infants were affected by reflux.4GER is associated with irritability, apnea and bradycardia, poor weight gain, aspiration pneumonia, and esophagitis.2,5–7

Acoustic Examination of Preterm and Full-Term Infant Cries

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Goberman ◽  
Michael P. Robb
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Average Spectrum ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Infant Cries

The acoustic characteristics of crying behavior displayed in 2 groups of newborn infants are reported. The crying episodes of 10 full-term and 10 preterm infants were audio recorded and analyzed with regard to the long-time average spectrum (LTAS) characteristics. An LTAS display was created for each infant's non-partitioned crying episode, as well as for 3 equidurational partitions of the crying episode. Measures of first spectral peak, mean spectral energy, and spectral tilt were revealing of differences between full-term and preterm infants' non-partitioned crying episodes. In addition, the full-term infants demonstrated significant changes in their crying behavior across partitions, whereas the preterm infants changed little across the crying episode. Discussion focuses on possible differences between full-term and preterm infants in their neurophysiological maturity, and the subsequent impact on their speech development. The importance of examining entire crying episodes when evaluating the crying behavior of infants is also discussed.

scholarly journals 1012. Neutrophil Function Enhanced by Recombinant Interferon-Gamma in Newborns

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S597-S597
Author(s):  
Ricardo Castillo-Galvan ◽  
Nicole Soper ◽  
Monique Bennett ◽  
Isaac Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Recombinant Interferon

Abstract Background Functional differences exist between neonatal and adult neutrophils. The incidence of infection is higher in preterm infants, and the severity of the immune impairment on the neonatal neutrophils is inversely related to gestational age. In order to recognize and combat life-threatening infections, neonates rely predominantly on the innate immune system.Neutrophils are an essential component of innate immunity, and they are the first responders against bacterial and fungal infections. Sepsis continues to be a prominent cause of neonatal mortality, especially among preterm infants. Recombinant interferon-gamma (IFNγ) effects on the immune system have included the upregulation of TLRs expression and stimulation of phagocytosis. They have been shown to reduce severe infections in children with chronic granulomatous disease. Methods After the protocol was IRB approved, we enrolled term infants in their first 48 hours of life (Table 1). We then obtained free flow whole-blood samples through venipuncture from the cephalic vein. Samples were incubated with and without IFNγ for 24 hours. Isolation of unperturbed neutrophils using immunomagnetics was performed for a final concentration of 1x106/mL. We then assessed the neutrophil-bacterial interaction using fluorescent GFP-Staphylococcus aureus, and quantified neutrophil killing function on a novel assay involving fibrin matrix as a more physiologic and three-dimensional (3D) environment than standard in vitro or culture-based assays. We evaluated normalized progressive ratios, 20μL/80μL, 30μL/70μL, 40μL/60μL of Neutrophil/GFP-S aureus respectively.Table 1 Results On the 20 samples, we observed significant differences demonstrating a considerably enhanced phagocytosis on those samples with the addition of IFNγ(p< 0.0001, Table 2 and Figures 1-3). Conclusion The phagocytic ability of neonatal neutrophils was greatly enhanced by the addition of IFNγ in term infant blood. Ongoing work will determine whether this remains true for preterm-infant neutrophils and will further delineate mechanisms of these differences. We recognized an opportunity for interferon-based immunomodulation in certain situations on this population at high risk for invasive bacterial infections. Disclosures Ricardo Castillo-Galvan, MD MPH, Karius Inc. (Consultant) Isaac Thomsen, MD, MSCI, Horizon Therapeutics (Consultant)

Responses of Pre-term Infants to the Odour of Mother’s Milk

2007 ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Porter ◽  
Chantal Raimbault ◽  
Anne Henrot ◽  
Elie Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Term Infants ◽  
Mother's Milk ◽  
Mother’S Milk
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