scholarly journals Leptin Distribution in Rat Foetal and Extraembryonic Tissues in Late Gestation: A Physiological View of Amniotic Fluid Leptin

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Xin Yau-Qiu ◽  
Catalina Picó ◽  
Ana María Rodríguez ◽  
Andreu Palou
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Metabolic Programming ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sudden Appearance ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Feeding Control ◽  
Extraembryonic Tissues

Prenatal leptin is key to regulating foetal growth and early metabolic programming. The presence of intact leptin in rat foetal (at late gestation) and neonatal (immediately after birth) stomach content and mucosa has been previously described, suggesting that it may act as a regulatory nutrient for the neonate rats, be internalised by the stomach, and play a physiological role early in life, which requires to be further investigated, including its origin. We aimed to study the ontogeny of the presence of leptin in the foetal stomach and key extraembryonic tissues in rats at late gestation (days 18–21). Leptin concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and placental leptin immunolocalisation was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Leptin showed a sudden appearance in the amniotic fluid (AF) at day 20 of gestation, gastric content (swallowed AF), stomach, and umbilical cord, significantly increasing at day 21. Leptin levels in these fluids and tissues were positively correlated. In the placenta, leptin was detectable at all the studied days, but its localisation changed from widespread throughout the placenta at day 18 to well-defined in the labyrinth zone from day 19 onwards. The results support a possible internalisation of AF leptin by the immature stomach of near-term foetuses and suggest that changes in placental leptin localisation might help to explain the sudden appearance of leptin in AF at gestational day 20, with potential physiological significance regarding short-term feeding control and metabolic programming in the developing offspring.

Pathophysiology of amniotic fluid volume homoeostasis

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Ross ◽  
M Gore Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Volume ◽  
Fetal Fluid ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Reduced Rate

Human and ovine fetuses produce and absorb prodigious amounts of water and electrolytes daily. As will be described, fetal fluid exchange approximates to 300–400ml/kg per day near term. On a per kilogram basis, this is equivalent to an adult ingesting and secreting 15–20 litres per day. Upon delivery, the newborn rapidly adjusts to a much reduced rate of fluid exchange. In this respect, the fetus resembles an amphibian during development: an aquatic phase of in utero gestation and a comparatively arid state following delivery. Although the amphibian-like pattern of development may be partly an example of ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’, the remarkable volume of fetal fluid exchange suggests an important physiological role for amniotic fluid.

scholarly journals Transdisciplinary AI Observatory—Retrospective Analyses and Future-Oriented Contradistinctions

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Nadisha-Marie Aliman ◽  
Leon Kester ◽  
Roman Yampolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Ai Safety

In the last years, artificial intelligence (AI) safety gained international recognition in the light of heterogeneous safety-critical and ethical issues that risk overshadowing the broad beneficial impacts of AI. In this context, the implementation of AI observatory endeavors represents one key research direction. This paper motivates the need for an inherently transdisciplinary AI observatory approach integrating diverse retrospective and counterfactual views. We delineate aims and limitations while providing hands-on-advice utilizing concrete practical examples. Distinguishing between unintentionally and intentionally triggered AI risks with diverse socio-psycho-technological impacts, we exemplify a retrospective descriptive analysis followed by a retrospective counterfactual risk analysis. Building on these AI observatory tools, we present near-term transdisciplinary guidelines for AI safety. As further contribution, we discuss differentiated and tailored long-term directions through the lens of two disparate modern AI safety paradigms. For simplicity, we refer to these two different paradigms with the terms artificial stupidity (AS) and eternal creativity (EC) respectively. While both AS and EC acknowledge the need for a hybrid cognitive-affective approach to AI safety and overlap with regard to many short-term considerations, they differ fundamentally in the nature of multiple envisaged long-term solution patterns. By compiling relevant underlying contradistinctions, we aim to provide future-oriented incentives for constructive dialectics in practical and theoretical AI safety research.

scholarly journals Exploratory field study on the effects of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) sow vaccination at different physiological stages mimicking blanket vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pleguezuelos ◽  
Marina Sibila ◽  
Raúl Cuadrado ◽  
Rosa López-Jiménez ◽  
Diego Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2

Abstract Background The objective of the present study was to explore the benefits of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) blanket vaccination in a sow herd on productive parameters, PCV-2 infection and immune status in sows and their progeny. For this purpose, 288 sows were distributed among four balanced experimental groups. One group remained as negative control group and the other three received 1 mL of PCV-2 Ingelvac Circoflex® intramuscularly at different productive cycle moments: before mating, mid gestation (42–49 days post-insemination) or late gestation (86–93 days post-insemination); phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control item. Reproductive parameters from sows during gestation and body weight of their progeny from birth to weaning were recorded. Additionally, blood was collected from sows at each vaccination time and piglets at 3 weeks of age. Moreover, up to 4 placental umbilical cords (PUC) per sow were taken at peri-partum. Sera from sows and piglets were analysed for PCV-2 antibody detection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from sows and PUC were tested to quantify viraemia using a real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Results Globally, results indicated that vaccinated sows showed heavier piglets at birth and at weaning, less cross-fostered piglets, lower viral load at farrowing as well as in PUC, and higher antibody levels at farrowing, compared to non-vaccinated ones. When all groups were compared among them, sows vaccinated at mid or late gestation had heavier piglets at birth than non-vaccinated sows, and lower proportion of PCV-2 positive PUC. Also, cross-fostering was less frequently practiced in sows vaccinated at pre-mating or mid gestation compared to non-vaccinated ones. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study points out that PCV-2 sow vaccination at different time points of their physiological status (mimicking blanket vaccination) offers benefits at production and serological and virological levels.

scholarly journals Early Confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection by Two Short-Term Serologic IgM Examination

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Ha Eun Jeon ◽  
Hyun Mi Kang ◽  
Eun Ae Yang ◽  
Hye Young Han ◽  
Seung Beom Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Serologic Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Patient Selection Bias ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection

The aim of the present study is to re-evaluate the clinical application of two-times serologic immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests using microparticle agglutination assay (MAA), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection. A retrospective analysis of 62 children with MP pneumonia during a recent epidemic (2019–2020) was conducted. The MAA and ELISA immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG measurements were conducted twice at admission and around discharge, and MP PCR once at presentation. Diagnostic rates in each test were calculated at presentation and at discharge. The seroconverters were 39% (24/62) of patients tested by MAA and 29% (18/62) by ELISA. At presentation, the diagnostic positive rates of MAA, ELISA, and PCR tests were 61%, 71%, and 52%, respectively. After the second examination, the rates were 100% in both serologic tests. There were positive correlations between the titers of MAA and the IgM values of ELISA. The single serologic IgM or PCR tests had limitations to select patients infected with MP in the early stage. The short-term, paired IgM serologic tests during hospitalization can reduce patient-selection bias in MP infection studies.

scholarly journals Upregulation of Cytokines Is Detected in the Placentas of Cattle Infected with Neospora caninum and Is More Marked Early in Gestation When Fetal Death Is Observed

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2352-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Rosbottom ◽  
E. Helen Gibney ◽  
Catherine S. Guy ◽  
Anja Kipar ◽  
Robert F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT The protozoan parasite Neospora caninum causes fetal death after experimental infection of pregnant cattle in early gestation, but the fetus survives a similar infection in late gestation. An increase in Th1-type cytokines in the placenta in response to the presence of the parasite has been implicated as a contributory factor to fetal death due to immune-mediated pathological alterations. We measured, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of cytokines in the placentas of cattle experimentally infected with N. caninum in early and late gestation. After infection in early gestation, fetal death occurred, and the levels of mRNA of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-18, IL-10, and IL-4, were significantly (P < 0.01) increased by up to 1,000-fold. There was extensive placental necrosis and a corresponding infiltration of CD4+ T cells and macrophages. IFN-γ protein expression was also highly increased, and a modest increase in transforming growth factor β was detected. A much smaller increase in the same cytokines and IFN-γ protein expression, with minimal placental necrosis and inflammatory infiltration, occurred after N. caninum infection in late gestation when the fetuses survived. Comparison of cytokine mRNA levels in separated maternal and fetal placental tissue that showed maternal tissue was the major source of all cytokine mRNA except for IL-10 and TNF-α, which were similar in both maternal and fetal tissues. These results suggest that the magnitude of the cytokine response correlates with but is not necessarily the cause of fetal death and demonstrate that a polarized Th1 response was not evident in the placentas of N. caninum-infected cattle.

Dynamics of inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress across maternal serum, placenta and amniotic fluid in laboratory rats and the role played by genistein aglycone

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funmileyi O. Awobajo ◽  
Ayodele O. Morakinyo ◽  
Titilola A. Samuel ◽  
Oluwakemi T. Oyelowo ◽  
Abimbola O. Ogunsola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Hsp90 Level ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Background Genistein was reported to adversely influence fetal development although this is yet to be fully understood as a mechanism. Methods In this study, pregnant rats were divided into control (Cont.) and genistein force-fed (2-mg/kg and 4-mg/kg) groups. Each group was divided further into five subgroups: GD-0, GD-6, GD-13, GD-18, and GD-20 based on the terminal gestational day (GD). On the respective terminal GD, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples and amniotic fluid were carefully collected and separated and placenta homogenates were prepared. These samples were evaluated for oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. The weights of embryonic implant and placenta tissue were also recorded. Heat shock protein (Hsp) (60 and 90), corticosterone, and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in all the samples. Results Fetal and placental weights in all genistein-exposed groups were significantly decreased. A fluctuation in the level of the Hsp was recorded with a significant decrease recorded in Hsp90 level in the placenta and amniotic fluid towards GD-20 along with a concomitant increase in the corticosterone level in the amniotic fluid in all genistein groups compared to control. Maternal serum at GD-18 and GD -20 recorded a significant increase in antioxidant level (SOD, GSH, CAT) in all genistein-exposed groups. However, these antioxidants were significantly reduced in the placenta and the amniotic fluid compared to control. Conclusions Genistein enhances the placenta function in attenuating the risk of oxidative stress in the amniotic fluid and deferentially suppressed inflammatory activities in the placenta during early gestation and towards late gestation period.

Inhibin and follistatin concentrations in fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in sheep: evidence for activin in amniotic fluid

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Wongprasartsuk ◽  
G Jenkin ◽  
J R McFarlane ◽  
M Goodman ◽  
D M de Kretser
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Fetal Testis ◽  
Cells In Culture ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The concentrations of inhibin and follistatin in amniotic fluid and in tissue extracts from the placenta, gonads and adrenals of fetal sheep were measured using radioimmunoassays. These tissue extracts were from whole fetuses from days 16 to 45 and from the individual organs from day 46 to 145 (term) and were assayed at multiple dilutions. The capacity of these extracts to alter FSH production of rat anterior pituitary cells in culture was also assessed at multiple dilutions. Immunoactive inhibin concentrations in amniotic fluid from both sexes increased during gestation and levels were significantly greater in males than females. Peak concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin of 11·2±1·9 ng/ml were found in males at 116–125 days of gestation. Follistatin concentrations did not change throughout gestation and no significant difference was noted between sexes. Mean follistatin levels throughout gestation were 3·0±0·9 ng/ml for males and 3·7±0·9 ng/ml for females. Despite the potential for FSH inhibition by inhibin and follistatin, amniotic fluid from both sexes at all stages of gestation stimulated FSH secretion in the pituitary cell bioassays, suggesting the presence of activin which was confirmed by the measurement of immunoactive activin (13·3±2·5 ng/ml) in a specific radioimmunoassay. Maximum concentrations of immunoactive and bioactive inhibin in placental extracts were observed in late gestation (2·2 ±0·6 and 3·8±1·6 ng/g respectively) and there was no significant difference between sexes. Follistatin concentrations in placental cotyledons ranged from 11·5 to 27·1 ng/g with no significant difference between sexes. In view of the higher follistatin concentrations compared with inhibin, it is likely that the capacity of placental extracts to suppress FSH production by pituitary cells in culture is due predominantly to follistatin. Immunoactive inhibin was observed in high concentrations in the fetal testis throughout gestation; with concentrations increasing to a maximum of 1993·0± 519·7 ng/g at 126–135 days of gestation with a ratio of bioactive: immunoactive inhibin of 1:20. Although bioactive and immunoactive inhibin was also observed in fetal ovaries and adrenals from both male and female fetuses, concentrations were lower than those observed in fetal testes. Follistatin concentrations in the fetal testis were elevated between 70 and 95 days (97·6 ng/g) and then declined. Similar concentrations were found in the adrenal glands of both sexes (males 83·5–103·3 ng/g: females 55·3–95·8 ng/g). In both males and females, immunoactive inhibin concentrations in fetal adrenals increased during gestation peaking at levels of 34·4±16·5 and 27·8± 9·0 ng/g respectively. These data suggest that the capacity of adrenal extracts to suppress FSH production by pituitary cells is due to both inhibin and follistatin. These studies demonstrated that significant concentrations of immunoactive inhibin and follistatin are present in amniotic fluid, and the fetal gonads, adrenal glands and placenta in sheep. The role of these proteins during fetal development requires further study. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 219–229

Changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol

1995 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Matthews ◽  
K Yang ◽  
J R G Challis
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Inferior Aspect ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Mrna

Abstract Developmental changes in pituitary glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA were examined during gestation and early neonatal life using in situ hybridization. Pituitaries were harvested from sheep fetuses at days 60–80, 100–120, 130–135, 140–142 and term, and from lambs of days 0–7 and 30–60, and adults. GR mRNA was present in the pars distalis by day 60, levels increased through gestation, and there was a redistribution of GR mRNA, resulting in a relatively greater abundance at the base of the pars distalis. At term, there was a significant (P<0·05 compared with the day 140–142 fetuses) elevation of GR mRNA, which was maintained in the newborn lamb, reaching highest levels at days 30–60 of neonatal life. GR mRNA was undetectable in the pars intermedia until day 120, but subsequently increased to high levels at term. Interestingly, the expression of GR mRNA in the pars intermedia dropped precipitously in the newborn (P<0·05 compared with term), though levels recovered in the older lambs and adults. The regional and cellular distribution of GR mRNA correlated closely with the presence of immuno-reactive GR (irGR) in the pituitary; the majority of irGR was present in the nuclei. Intrafetal infusion of cortisol (12 h; 5 μg/min) in late gestation (day 135) had no effect on GR mRNA expression in either the pars distalis or pars intermedia. These results indicated that, in the fetal pituitary, (1) the GR gene is expressed in both the pars distalis and pars intermedia, (2) levels of GR mRNA in the fetal pituitary correlated with the distribution of nuclear irGR, (3) GR mRNA is present at higher levels in the inferior aspect of the pars distalis, its abundance increases immediately prior to parturition and is maintained in the newborn, and (4) cortisol infusion for 12 h does not affect GR mRNA in either region of the pituitary, suggesting that, in the short term, glucocorticoids do not directly regulate GR synthesis. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 483–490

scholarly journals PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN LAYOUT PCB DENGAN DIP TRACE DAN DRY FILM PHOTORESIST BAGI SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SALAM MAGELANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Denny Dermawan
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Photoresist Film ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Dry Film ◽  
Final Work ◽  
Dry Film Photoresist

The desire of students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Salam Magelang to be able to make a printed circuit board is something that is very important to be welcomed and followed up wisely so that the desire of the students is not just a wishful dream but will be a reality. This activity is meant to be an effort not only to overcome difficulties at certain times (short-term activities), but is expected to be sustainable for the future (longer term). Looking at the fact, of course, should be strived to realize the handling of the problem at least for the near term. For that required activities that are practical and immediate benefits can be taken as the activity can be a short course or short training. To solve the problem, it is realized by holding a short course / training course on PCB Layout Creation with DIP TRACE and Dry Film Photoresist technology followed by etching process, drilling and installation of components that will be useful for students who want to do the main final work related with the manufacture of tools / hardware. Keywords: Making PCB, DIP TRACE, Dry Photoresist film

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