scholarly journals Response of the Human Milk Microbiota to a Maternal Prebiotic Intervention Is Individual and Influenced by Maternal Age

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Padilha ◽  
Asker Brejnrod ◽  
Niels Banhos Danneskiold-Samsøe ◽  
Christian Hoffmann ◽  
Julia de Melo Iaucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Before And After

Maternal bacteria are shared with infants via breastfeeding. Prebiotics modulate the gut microbiota, promoting health benefits. We investigated whether the maternal diet supplementation with a prebiotic (fructooligosaccharides, FOS) could influence the milk microbiota. Twenty-eight lactating women received 4.5 g of fructooligosaccharides + 2 g of maltodextrin (FOS group) and twenty-five received 2 g of maltodextrin (placebo group) for 20 days. Breast-milk samples were taken before and after the intervention. The DNA from samples was used for 16S rRNA sequencing. No statistical differences between the groups were found for the bacterial genera after the intervention. However, the distances of the trajectories covered by paired samples from the beginning to the end of the supplementation were higher for the FOS group (p = 0.0007) indicating greater changes in milk microbiota compared to the control group. Linear regression models suggested that the maternal age influenced the response for FOS supplementation (p = 0.02). Interestingly, the pattern of changes to genus abundance upon supplementation was not shared between mothers. We demonstrated that manipulating the human milk microbiota through prebiotics is possible, and the maternal age can affect this response.

scholarly journals Probiotic Supplementation and Human Milk Cytokine Profiles in Japanese Women: A Retrospective Study from an Open-Label Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2285
Author(s):  
Tomoki Takahashi ◽  
Hirofumi Fukudome ◽  
Hiroshi M. Ueno ◽  
Shiomi Watanabe-Matsuhashi ◽  
Taku Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cytokine Levels

The benefits of probiotic supplementation to lactating mothers on human milk cytokines are inconclusive. Thus, we performed a comprehensive open-label pilot trial analysis of 27 human milk cytokines in lactating women with allergies (one to three months postpartum) to determine the effect of supplementation with a mixture of new probiotic strains. Participants voluntarily joined the probiotic (n = 41) or no supplementation control (n = 19) groups. The probiotic group took three probiotic tablets (Lactobacillus casei LC5, Bifidobacterium longum BG7, and Bacillus coagulans SANK70258) daily for one to three months postpartum. Milk samples were collected at one, two, and three months postpartum, and cytokine levels were measured using multiplex assays. The effects were analyzed using multivariate regression models. Eleven cytokines showed a positive rate of over 50% in the milk samples throughout testing in both groups. The positive rates of IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-7 changed significantly with lactation progression in logistic regression models after adjusting for time and supplementation, whereas rates of other cytokines showed no significant differences. The lactational change patterns of IL-10 concentrations differed significantly between the two groups. A short-term supplementation of probiotics affects human milk cytokine levels in lactating women with a possible placebo effect still existing. Future placebo-controlled studies are needed to support these results, based on the estimated sample sizes in this study.

scholarly journals Segmented Linear Regression Models for Assessing Change in Retrospective Studies in Healthcare

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Epaminondas Markos Valsamis ◽  
David Ricketts ◽  
Henry Husband ◽  
Benedict Aristotle Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Time To Surgery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Comparisons

Introduction. In retrospective studies, the effect of a given intervention is usually evaluated by using statistical tests to compare data from before and after the intervention. A problem with this approach is that the presence of underlying trends can lead to incorrect conclusions. This study aimed to develop a rigorous mathematical method to analyse temporal variation and overcome these limitations. Methods. We evaluated hip fracture outcomes (time to surgery, length of stay, and mortality) from a total of 2777 patients between April 2011 and September 2016, before and after the introduction of a dedicated hip fracture unit (HFU). We developed a novel modelling method that fits progressively more complex linear sections to the time series using least squares regression. The method was used to model the periods before implementation, after implementation, and of the whole study period, comparing goodness of fit using F-tests. Results. The proposed method offered reliable descriptions of the temporal evolution of the time series and augmented conclusions that were reached by mere group comparisons. Reductions in time to surgery, length of stay, and mortality rates that group comparisons would have credited to the hip fracture unit appeared to be due to unrelated underlying trends. Conclusion. Temporal analysis using segmented linear regression models can reveal secular trends and is a valuable tool to evaluate interventions in retrospective studies.

scholarly journals Lipid content and fatty acids composition of mature human milk in rural North China

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xiao Wan ◽  
Xiao-Li Wang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Qian Geng ◽  
Yumei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
North China ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk Lipids

To determine the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk from fifty-two lactating women between ninth and twelfth lactation weeks in rural North China. The mothers were questioned on their dietary habits. Total milk lipids extracts were transmethylated and analysed using GLC to determine FA contents. The mean lipid content was 40·21 (sd 1·43) g/l. SFA constituted 35·92 % of the total FA. Medium-chain and long-chain SFA presented levels of 10·91 and 25·01 %, respectively. MUFA and PUFA constituted 32·59 and 19·97 % of the total FA, respectively. Oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid (ALA) presented contents of 31·26, 17·73 and 1·03 %, respectively. Arachidonic acid had a content of 0·30 %, while DHA content was 0·19 %. Not any form of trans FA were found in human milk samples. A maternal diet transition is proceeding in China. Further investigation on the analysis of human milk FA composition is needed to upgrade the human milk database in China.

scholarly journals Prebiotic consumption in pregnant and lactating women increases IL-27 expression in human milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kubota ◽  
Naoki Shimojo ◽  
Ken Nonaka ◽  
Masakatsu Yamashita ◽  
Osamu Ohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
And Control ◽  
Allergic Disorders

The consumption of probiotics by pregnant and lactating women may prevent the onset of allergic disorders in their children by increasing the concentrations of immunoactive agents such as cytokines in breast milk. Prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) increase the number of beneficial organisms such as bifidobacteria. Thus, prebiotics may have an effect similar to that of probiotics. The objective of the present study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression in human milk cells to identify changes in the concentrations of cytokines in breast milk after the consumption of FOS (4 g × 2 times/d) by pregnant and lactating women. The microarray analysis of human milk cells demonstrated that the expression levels of five genes in colostrum samples and fourteen genes in 1-month breast milk samples differed more than 3-fold between the FOS and control groups (sucrose group). The mRNA expression level of IL-27, a cytokine associated with immunoregulatory function, was significantly higher in 1-month breast milk samples obtained from the FOS group than in those obtained from the control group. In addition, the protein concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum and 1-month breast milk samples were significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of FOS by pregnant and lactating women increases the production of IL-27 in breast milk. Future studies will address the association of this phenomenon with the onset of allergic disorders in children.

Statistical Models for the Twinning Rate

1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Fellman ◽  
A.W. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Linear Regression Technique ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
Disaggregated Data

AbstractLinear regression models are used to explain the variations in the twinning rates. Data sets from different countries are analysed and maternal age, parity and marital status are the main regressors. The model building technique is also used in order to study the secular decline in the twinning rate. Linear regression technique makes it possible to compare the effect of different factors but the method requires sufficiently disaggregated data.

scholarly journals The Impact of Coating Ingredients on the Aging Resistance of Topcoat Paints by Model Trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Tsung Wong ◽  
Shih-Hsuan Hung
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Topcoat paint is mainly composed of resin and pigment and hence its quality highly depends on the type and proportion of these two ingredients. This study aims at testing the formula of the topcoat paint for finding one that can achieve better quality for anti-aging. Various formulas of paint are applied on boards that will be put into ultraviolet accelerated test machines to simulate weathering tests. The gloss and color, before and after the tests, are collected and numerical prediction method M5P is used to grow model trees for discovering the key factors affecting aging. Based on the structure and the linear regression models in the trees, a better topcoat paint should be composed of a high proportion of resin and generally a low proportion of pigment. Good types of resin and pigment are also identified for keeping color and gloss.

scholarly journals COVID-19 testing and cases - a complex relationship in three acts.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Before And After ◽  
German Legislation ◽  
National Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Decisions

<p>If and how the increasing numbers in confirmed COVID 19 cases are driven by the simultaneous expansion of test capacities and tests conducted is a question under continuous debate. Building on the hypothesis, that the impact of increased testing might not be constant over time but determined by the national test policy applied, the relationship between testing and number of cases was investigated in different phases of the pandemic with a focus on the time before and after a change in German legislation on May 22, 2020 that opened the door for more tests in asymptomatic persons for prevention and containment purposes. Based on linear regression models it is estimated that about 60% of the cases tested positive after May 22 can be attributed to increased testing, while eliminating the test effect does not substantially impact the numbers before that date. Likewise, the clinical presentation of cases registered after May 22 is significantly different, with a hospitalization rate of 8.12% (before 18.17%) and a case fatality rate of 0.63% (before 5.17%).</p> <p>It is concluded that expanding the number of tests as it was done in Germany did not lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of COVID 19. It is recommended to separate test results from preventive testing and testing based on a clinically defined test strategy, and to only use the latter for surveillance and as a basis for political decisions.</p>

INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF ACQUISITION ON INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TARGET COMPANIES IN IRAN

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Ahmad Khodamipour ◽  
Zeinolabedin Sadeghi ◽  
Mohsen Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
External Growth

Managers seek to find the most desirable strategy to reach goals of their companies. One of the strategies which assist external growth of companies is merger and acquisition strategy. The goal of this research was to study the effect of acquisition on the intellectual capital and financial performance of (acquired) target companies. The statistical population included the companies admitted in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2004 and 2010, from among which the sample was selected. According to the accounting basis, the research data were calculated for two periods of before and after acquisition and the research hypotheses were tested using the paired samples T test. Test results of the target companies were compared with those of similar non-acquired companies as the control group. The research results indicated significant effect of acquisition on operating cash flow and return on assets and equity of the target companies. Moreover, it was found that intellectual capital increased after acquisition; however, there was no significant relationship with acquisition.

How effective are recasts in teaching /θ/ and /ð/ to EFL learners?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Maryam Karami ◽  
Laya Heidari Darani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

This study explored the effect of recasts as corrective feedback (CF) on teaching the sounds /θ/ and /ð/ to Iranian EFL learners, which are absent in Persian. A group of 30 intermediate level students studying English were assigned randomly to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG was instructed by giving recasts as CF; while the CG received no feedback when they were taught these sounds. In this experimental study, two teacher-made tests on sounds /θ/ and /ð/ were administered to the participants before and after the treatment. The collected data were analysed using paired-samples t tests. Language learners in the recast group outperformed those in the CG in the posttest. The results showed that recast was an effective feedback type in teaching both the sounds. Findings of the present study can help language teachers and teacher trainers in teaching these complex sounds to Iranian EFL learners.   Keywords: Corrective feedback, errors, form-focused instruction, recast, sounds /ð/ and /θ/.    

scholarly journals Assessment of techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of breast engorgement by thermography

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Batista dos Santos Heberle ◽  
Marcos Antônio Muniz de Moura ◽  
Mauren Abreu de Souza ◽  
Percy Nohama
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manual Methods ◽  
Human Milk Bank ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Negative Gradient

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of postpartum breast engorgement through thermography.METHOD: the study was conducted in the Human Milk Bank of a hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. We randomly selected 16 lactating women with engorgement with the classification lobar, ampullary and glandular, moderate and intense. We compared the differential patterns of temperature, before and after the treatment by means of massage and pumping.RESULTS: we found a negative gradient of 0.3°C of temperature between the pre- and post-treatment in the experimental group. Breasts with intense engorgement were 0.7°C warmer when compared with moderate engorgement.CONCLUSION: massage and electromechanical pumping were superior to manual methods when evaluated by thermography. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027.

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