scholarly journals Physical Activity and Diet Shape the Immune System during Aging

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Weyh ◽  
Karsten Krüger ◽  
Barbara Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status

With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, termed immunosenescence, which is accompanied by considerable shifts in leukocyte subpopulations and a decline in various immune cell functions. Clinically, immunosenescence is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, a more frequent reactivation of latent viruses, decreased vaccine efficacy, and an increased prevalence of autoimmunity and cancer. Physiologically, the immune system has some adaptive strategies to cope with aging, while in some settings, maladaptive responses aggravate the speed of aging and morbidity. While a lack of physical activity, decreased muscle mass, and poor nutritional status facilitate immunosenescence and inflammaging, lifestyle factors such as exercise and dietary habits affect immune aging positively. This review will discuss the relevance and mechanisms of immunoprotection through physical activity and specific exercise interventions. In the second part, we will focus on the effect of dietary interventions through the supplementation of the essential amino acid tryptophan, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics (with a special focus on the kynurenine pathway).

scholarly journals Resolvins as Regulators of the Immune System

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 818-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Seki ◽  
Takaharu Sasaki ◽  
Tomomi Ueda ◽  
Makoto Arita
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
First Response ◽  
Beneficial Impact

Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or injury, but excessive or inappropriate inflammatory responses contribute to a range of acute and chronic human diseases. Clinical assessment of dietary supplementation of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) indicate that they have beneficial impact on these diseases, although the mechanisms are poorly understood at the molecular level. In this decade, it has been revealed that EPA and DHA are enzymatically converted to bioactive metabolites in the course of acute inflammation and resolution. These metabolites were shown to regulate immune cell functions and to display potent anti-inflammatory actions bothin vitroandin vivo. Because of their ability to resolve an acute inflammatory response, they are referred to as proresolving mediators, or resolvins. In this review, we provide an overview of the formation and actions of these lipid mediators.

scholarly journals Comparing Acute Aerobic vs. Resistance Exercise (CAARE) in young and older adults: Design and methods of a randomized acute exercise trial on the immune system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M Markofski ◽  
Rachel M Graff ◽  
Kristofer Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Immune Cell Response

Abstract Background: It is well accepted that exercise has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and supporting a healthy immune system. Although these benefits are widely recognized, variations in the exercise response still exist. The aim of this study is to explore the variations that may be partially explained by participant age, physical activity status, and/or mode of exercise. Methods: The CAARE (Comparing Acute Aerobic vs. Resistance Exercise) study is a randomized cross-over design trial. Participants are young (18-30 years) or older (55-75 years), and within each age group are either physically active or inactive. All participants complete two acute exercise sessions of similar intensity and duration: a resistance training bout and a treadmill exercise bout. Blood is collected before exercise (PRE), immediately after exercise (POST), and after one hour of recovery (RECOV). Fresh blood is used for flow cytometry analyses to phenotype immune cells. Serum is stored for future analyses. The primary outcome variables are monocyte and T-cell phenotype. Discussion: CAARE is the first study to compare the immune cell response to acute exercise when including age, physical activity status, and mode of exercise. Clinical trial registration: This research study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT03794050 in January 4, 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03794050

scholarly journals Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eladio J. Márquez ◽  
Cheng-han Chung ◽  
Radu Marches ◽  
Robert J. Rossi ◽  
Djamel Nehar-Belaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractDifferences in immune function and responses contribute to health- and life-span disparities between sexes. However, the role of sex in immune system aging is not well understood. Here, we characterize peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 172 healthy adults 22-93 years of age using ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and flow-cytometry. These data reveal a shared epigenomic signature of aging including declining naïve T cell and increasing monocyte/cytotoxic cell functions. These changes were greater in magnitude in men and accompanied by a male-specific genomic decline in B-cell specific loci. Age-related epigenomic changes first spike around late-thirties with similar timing and magnitude between sexes, whereas the second spike is earlier and stronger in men. Unexpectedly, genomic differences between sexes increase after age 65, with men having higher innate and pro-inflammatory activity and lower adaptive activity. Impact of age and sex on immune cell genomes can be visualized at https://immune-aging.jax.org to provide insights into future studies.

scholarly journals Lifting the innate immune barriers to antitumor immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla V Rothlin ◽  
Sourav Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Functions

The immune system evolved for adequate surveillance and killing of pathogens while minimizing host damage, such as due to chronic or exaggerated inflammation and autoimmunity. This is achieved by negative regulators and checkpoints that limit the magnitude and time course of the immune response. Tumor cells often escape immune surveillance and killing. Therefore, disrupting the brakes built into the immune system should effectively boost the anticancer immune response. The success of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 have firmly established this proof of concept. Since the response rate of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 is still limited, there is an intense effort for the identification of new targets and development of approaches that can expand the benefits of immunotherapy to a larger patient pool. Additional T cell checkpoints are obvious targets; however, here we focus on the unusual suspects—cells that function to initiate and guide T cell activity. Innate immunity is both an obligate prerequisite for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and a requirement for the recruitment of activated T cells to the site of action. We discuss some of the molecules present in innate immune cells, including natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, endothelial cells and stromal cells, that can activate or enhance innate immune cell functions, and more importantly, the inhibitors or checkpoints present in these cells that restrain their functions. Boosting innate immunity, either by enhancing activator functions or, preferably, by blocking the inhibitors, may represent a new anticancer treatment modality or at least function as adjuvants to T cell checkpoint inhibitors.

Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system?

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Zukowska ◽  
Jennifer Pons ◽  
Edward W Lee ◽  
Lijun Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Vascular Growth ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Agonistic Activity ◽  
Growth Promoting

Neuropeptide Y (NPY1–36), a sympathetic cotransmitter and neurohormone, has pleiotropic activities ranging from the control of obesity to anxiolysis and cardiovascular function. Its actions are mediated by multiple Gi/o-coupled receptors (Y1–Y5) and modulated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/cd26), which inactivates NPY's Y1-agonistic activity but generates the Y2 and Y5-agonist, NPY3–36. Released by sympathetic activity, NPY is a major mediator of stress, responsible for prolonged vasoconstriction via Y1 receptors. Y1 receptors also mediate NPY's potent vascular growth-promoting activity leading in vivo in rodents to neointima formation. This and the association of a polymorphism of the NPY signal peptide with increased lipidemia and carotid artery thickening in humans strongly suggest NPY's role in atherosclerosis. NPY and DPPIV/cd26 are also coexpressed in the endothelium, where the peptide activates angiogenesis. A similar system exists in immune cells, where NPY and DPPIV/cd26 are coactivated and involved in the modulation of cytokine release and immune cell functions. Thus, NPY, both a messenger and a modulator for all three systems, is poised to play an important regulatory role facilitating interactions among sympathetic, vascular and immune systems in diverse pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and stress-related alterations of immunity.Key words: neuropeptide Y, immune system, sympathetic nerves, cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals Bacterial toxins and the immune system

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Galán
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Toxins ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Microorganisms that cause persistent infection often exhibit specific adaptations that allow them to avoid the adaptive immune response. Recently, several bacterial toxins have been shown in vitro to disrupt immune cell functions. However, it remains to be established whether these activities are relevant during infection and whether these toxins have specifically evolved to disrupt the adaptive immune system.

scholarly journals Galectins as Checkpoints of the Immune System in Cancers, Their Clinical Relevance, and Implication in Clinical Trials

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Compagno ◽  
Carolina Tiraboschi ◽  
José Daniel Garcia ◽  
Yorfer Rondón ◽  
Enrique Corapi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
Incurable Cancer ◽  
Ligand Interaction ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions

Galectins are small proteins with pleiotropic functions, which depend on both their lectin (glycan recognition) and non-lectin (recognition of other biomolecules besides glycans) interactions. Currently, 15 members of this family have been described in mammals, each with its structural and ligand recognition particularities. The galectin/ligand interaction translates into a plethora of biological functions that are particular for each cell/tissue type. In this sense, the cells of the immune system are highly sensitive to the action of these small and essential proteins. While galectins play central roles in tumor progression, they are also excellent negative regulators (checkpoints) of the immune cell functions, participating in the creation of a microenvironment that promotes tumor escape. This review aims to give an updated view on how galectins control the tumor’s immune attack depending on the tumor microenvironment, because determining which galectins are essential and the role they play will help to develop future clinical trials and benefit patients with incurable cancer.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Distinct and Mutual Effects of Diet and Inflammation in Shaping Systemic Metabolism in Ldlr−/− Mice

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Mario A. Lauterbach ◽  
Eicke Latz ◽  
Anette Christ
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli

Changes in modern dietary habits such as consumption of Western-type diets affect physiology on several levels, including metabolism and inflammation. It is currently unclear whether changes in systemic metabolism due to dietary interventions are long-lasting and affect acute inflammatory processes. Here, we investigated how high-fat diet (HFD) feeding altered systemic metabolism and the metabolomic response to inflammatory stimuli. We conducted metabolomic profiling of sera collected from Ldlr−/− mice on either regular chow diet (CD) or HFD, and after an additional low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. HFD feeding, as well as LPS treatment, elicited pronounced metabolic changes. HFD qualitatively altered the systemic metabolic response to LPS; particularly, serum concentrations of fatty acids and their metabolites varied between LPS-challenged mice on HFD or CD, respectively. To investigate whether systemic metabolic changes were sustained long-term, mice fed HFD were shifted back to CD after four weeks (HFD > CD). When shifted back to CD, serum metabolites returned to baseline levels, and so did the response to LPS. Our results imply that systemic metabolism rapidly adapts to dietary changes. The profound systemic metabolic rewiring observed in response to diet might affect immune cell reprogramming and inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals The Role of miRNAs in Immune Cell Development, Immune Cell Activation, and Tumor Immunity: With a Focus on Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Jun Xu ◽  
Hong Tao Hu ◽  
Hai Liang Li ◽  
Suhwan Chang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Stromal Compartment ◽  
Cell Functions

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the primary arena where tumor cells and the host immune system interact. Bidirectional communication between tumor cells and the associated stromal cell types within the TME influences disease initiation and progression, as well as tumor immunity. Macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the stromal compartment and display either pro- or anti-tumor properties, depending on the expression of key regulators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as such regulators. They affect several immune cell functions closely related to tumor evasion of the immune system. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in the differentiation, maturation, and activation of immune cells as well as tumor immunity, focusing particularly on macrophages and NK cells.

scholarly journals The Scribble Complex PDZ Proteins in Immune Cell Polarities

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dante Barreda ◽  
Luis H. Gutiérrez-González ◽  
Erasmo Martínez-Cordero ◽  
Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez ◽  
Rommel Chacón-Salinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immunological Synapse ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Wide Range

hScrib and hDlg belong to the PDZ family of proteins. Since the identification of these highly phylogenetically conserved scaffolds, an increasing amount of experiments has elucidated the roles of hScrib and hDlg in a variety of cell functions. Remarkably, their participation during the establishment of polarity in epithelial cells is well documented. Although the role of both proteins in the immune system is scantly known, it has become a growing field of investigation. Here, we summarize the interactions and functions of hScrib and hDlg1, which participate in diverse functions involving cell polarization in immune cells, and discuss their relevance in the immune cell biology. The fundamental role of hScrib and hDlg1 during the establishment of the immunological synapse, hence T cell activation, and the recently described role of hScrib in reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and of hDlg1 in cytokine production by dendritic cells highlight the importance of both proteins in immune cell biology. The expression of these proteins in other leukocytes can be anticipated and needs to be confirmed. Due to their multiple interaction domains, there is a wide range of possible interactions of hScrib and hDlg1 that remains to be explored in the immune system.

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