scholarly journals Bioactive Factors in Human Breast Milk Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation during Early Life

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie D. Thai ◽  
Katherine E. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Human Breast

Human breast milk is well known as the ideal source of nutrition during early life, ensuring optimal growth during infancy and early childhood. Breast milk is also the source of many unique and dynamic bioactive components that play a key role in the development of the immune system. These bioactive components include essential microbes, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. These factors all interact with intestinal commensal bacteria and/or immune cells, playing a critical role in establishment of the intestinal microbiome and ultimately influencing intestinal inflammation and gut health during early life. Exposure to breast milk has been associated with a decreased incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating disease characterized by overwhelming intestinal inflammation and high morbidity among preterm infants. For this reason, breast milk is considered a protective factor against NEC and aberrant intestinal inflammation common in preterm infants. In this review, we will describe the key microbial, immunological, and metabolic components of breast milk that have been shown to play a role in the mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and/or NEC prevention.

scholarly journals Nano-HPLC-HRMS Analysis to Evaluate Leptin Level in Milk Samples: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6135
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Bello ◽  
Enrica Mecarelli ◽  
Daniela Gastaldi ◽  
Francesco Savino ◽  
Claudio Medana
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation

Leptin is a 16 kDa lipophilic protein hormone secreted by adipocytes and its most significant function is to inform the brain with negative feedback that regulates food intake. Recently the protein found in human breast milk was related to breast feeding and onset of obesity, and the evidence of a low probability to develop pediatric obesity in children fed with breast milk was also confirmed. Since leptin could have a critical role, its quantitation both in human breast, bovine milk and in infant formula products is interesting. For this reason, we developed an analytical method based on immunoaffinity purification followed by an analysis with nano-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analyzer (nano-HPLC-HRMS) to identify and quantify leptin in milk samples and performed a pilot study using samples of human breast milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. With an obtained lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 100 ng mL−1 we quantified leptin in human breast milk finding an average of 6.70 ng mL−1. Our results show that leptin was under LLOQ both in bovine milk and in infant formula products. In conclusion, the developed analytical method here described was suitable to quantify leptin in milk samples with a good sensitivity and selectivity, and without the use of radioactive reagents.

scholarly journals Is targeted fortification of human breast milk an optimal nutrition strategy for preterm infants? An interventional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Morlacchi ◽  
Domenica Mallardi ◽  
Maria Lorella Giannì ◽  
Paola Roggero ◽  
Orsola Amato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Interventional Study ◽  
Nutrition Strategy

scholarly journals Architecture Insight of Bifidobacterial α-L-Fucosidases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Curiel ◽  
Ángela Peirotén ◽  
José M. Landete ◽  
Ana Ruiz de la Bastida ◽  
Susana Langa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Physicochemical Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Similarity Searches

Fucosylated carbohydrates and glycoproteins from human breast milk are essential for the development of the gut microbiota in early life because they are selectively metabolized by bifidobacteria. In this regard, α-L-fucosidases play a key role in this successful bifidobacterial colonization allowing the utilization of these substrates. Although a considerable number of α-L-fucosidases from bifidobacteria have been identified by computational analysis, only a few of them have been characterized. Hitherto, α-L-fucosidases are classified into 3 families, GH29, GH95 and GH151 based on their catalytic structure. However, bifidobacterial α-L-fucosidases belonging to a particular family show significant differences in their sequence. Because this fact could underlie distinct phylogenetic evolves, here extensive similarity searches and comparative analyses of the bifidobacterial α-L-fucosidases identified were carried out with the assistance of previous physicochemical studies available. This work reveals 4 and 2 paralogue bifidobacterial fucosidase groups within GH29 and GH95 families, respectively. Moreover, Bifidobacterium logum subsp. infantis species exhibited the greatest number of phylogenetic lineages in their fucosidases clustered in every family GH29, GH95 and GH151. Since α-L-fucosidases phylogenetically descended from other glycosyl hydrolase families, we hypothesized that could exhibit additional glycosidase activities other than fucosidase, raising the possibility about their application to transfucosylate other substrates than lactose in order to synthesis novel prebiotics.

scholarly journals Nordic study on human milk fortification in extremely preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial—the N-forte trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e053400
Author(s):  
Georg Bach Jensen ◽  
Fredrik Ahlsson ◽  
Magnus Domellöf ◽  
Anders Elfvin ◽  
Lars Naver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Preterm Formula ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionThe mortality rate of extremely low gestational age (ELGA) (born <gestational week 28+0) infants remains high, and severe infections and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) are common causes of death. Preterm infants receiving human milk have lower incidence of sepsis and NEC than those fed a bovine milk-based preterm formula. Despite this, fully human milk fed ELGA infants most often have a significant intake of cow’s milk protein from bovine-based protein fortifier. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the supplementation of human milk-based, as compared with bovine-based, nutrient fortifier reduces the prevalence of NEC, sepsis and mortality in ELGA infants exclusively fed with human milk.Methods and analysisA randomised-controlled multicentre trial comparing the effect of a human breast milk-based fortifier with a standard bovine protein-based fortifier in 222–322 ELGA infants fed human breast milk (mother’s own milk and/or donor milk). The infants will be randomised to either fortifier before reaching 100 mL/kg/day in oral feeds. The intervention, stratified by centre, will continue until the target postmenstrual week 34+0. The primary outcome is a composite of NEC, sepsis or death. Infants are characterised with comprehensive clinical and nutritional data collected prospectively from birth until hospital discharge. Stool, urine, blood and breast milk samples are collected for analyses in order to study underlying mechanisms. A follow-up focusing on neurological development and growth will be performed at 2 and 5.5 years of age. Health economic analyses will be made.Ethics and disseminationThe study is conducted according to ICH/GCP guidelines and is approved by the regional ethical review board in Linköping Sweden (Dnr 2018/193-31, Dnr 2018/384-32). Results will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberThe study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03797157, 9 January 2019.

Macronutrient analysis of preterm human milk using mid-infrared spectrophotometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgül Bulut ◽  
Asuman Çoban ◽  
Zeynep İnce
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Nutritional Needs

Abstract Background Human milk is the optimal source of nutrition for preterm infants. However, breast milk alone is often not sufficient to satisfy the high nutritional needs for growth and development in preterm infants. Fortified human breast milk is the best way to meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants. Human breast milk is fortified according to the estimated nutrient content of mature breast milk; however, because the content of breast milk is highly variable, the macronutrient support may be more or less than needed. The goal of this study was to analyze the macronutrient content of preterm human milk during the first 6 weeks of lactation. Methods The study included 32 mothers of preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks. Breast milk was collected in 24-h cycles and analyzed daily using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. We measured protein, fat and lactose concentrations in the breast milk, and the energy content was calculated. Results The protein content was high during the first weeks of lactation, but decreased as lactation progressed. The fat, energy and lactose contents of the breast milk were low during the first 2 weeks of lactation, increased as lactation progressed and remained constant thereafter. In women with high body mass index (BMI), higher protein levels were found in transitional milk. In women who had high income level, higher fat and energy levels were found in transitional milk. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the macronutrient content of preterm breast milk changes throughout the course of lactation, with BMI and income level. Knowledge of the macronutrient composition of breast milk is necessary to ensure that preterm infants receive the appropriate types and quantities of nutrients to promote optimal growth, and to ensure that breast milk is fortified according to individual needs. Our findings may be useful for the provision of optimal nutritional support for preterm infants.

Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽  
Diego Giampietro Peroni ◽  
Vassilios Fanos
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Human Breast

scholarly journals Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ramiro-Cortijo ◽  
Pratibha Singh ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Esli Medina-Morales ◽  
William Yakah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Human Breast

Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.

scholarly journals Lipid Composition, Digestion, and Absorption Differences among Neonatal Feeding Strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Kathryn Burge ◽  
Frederico Vieira ◽  
Jeffrey Eckert ◽  
Hala Chaaban
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Fat Digestion ◽  
The Many ◽  
Neonatal Population

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. Formula feeding is among the many risk factors for developing the condition, a practice often required in the cohort most often afflicted with NEC, preterm infants. While the virtues of many bioactive components of breast milk have been extolled, the ability to digest and assimilate the nutritional components of breast milk is often overlooked. The structure of formula differs from that of breast milk, both in lipid composition and chemical configuration. In addition, formula lacks a critical digestive enzyme produced by the mammary gland, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL). The gastrointestinal system of premature infants is often incapable of secreting sufficient pancreatic enzymes for fat digestion, and pasteurization of donor milk (DM) has been shown to inactivate BSSL, among other important compounds. Incompletely digested lipids may oxidize and accumulate in the distal gut. These lipid fragments are thought to induce intestinal inflammation in the neonate, potentially hastening the development of diseases such as NEC. In this review, differences in breast milk, pasteurized DM, and formula lipids are highlighted, with a focus on the ability of those lipids to be digested and subsequently absorbed by neonates, especially those born prematurely and at risk for NEC.

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