scholarly journals Changes in Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels after Dietary Weight Loss among Overweight and Obese Adults over 50 Weeks

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Solomon A. Sowah ◽  
Frank Hirche ◽  
Alessio Milanese ◽  
Theron S. Johnson ◽  
Mirja Grafetstätter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Dietary Weight Loss

Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may regulate energy homeostasis and exert anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Smaller trials indicate that dietary weight loss may lead to decreased SCFA production, but findings have been inconclusive. SCFA concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma samples of 150 overweight or obese adults in a trial initially designed to evaluate the metabolic effects of intermittent (ICR) versus continuous (CCR) calorie restriction (NCT02449148). For the present post hoc analyses, participants were classified by quartiles of weight loss, irrespective of the dietary intervention. Linear mixed models were used to analyze weight-loss-induced changes in SCFA concentrations after 12, 24 and 50 weeks. There were no differential changes in SCFA levels across the initial study arms (ICR versus CCR versus control) after 12 weeks, but acetate concentrations significantly decreased with overall weight loss (mean log-relative change of −0.7 ± 1.8 in the lowest quartile versus. −7.6 ± 2 in the highest, p = 0.026). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate and other SCFAs did not change throughout the study. Our results show that weight-loss, achieved through calorie restriction, may lead to smaller initial decreases in plasma acetate, while plasma SCFAs generally remain remarkably stable over time.

scholarly journals Effects of Weight-Loss Interventions on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Blood and Feces of Adults: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon A Sowah ◽  
Lena Riedl ◽  
Antje Damms-Machado ◽  
Theron S Johnson ◽  
Ruth Schübel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

ABSTRACT Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate), which are primarily derived from the gut microbiome, may exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and regulate energy homeostasis. It has been suggested that weight loss may affect SCFA metabolism, but a systematic review of intervention studies is lacking. We aimed to systematically assess the effects of dietary, physical activity–based, and surgical weight-loss interventions among overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25–29.9 kg/m2)] or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) adults (≥18 y) on concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs in blood, urine, or feces. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to April 30, 2018 for randomized and nonrandomized weight-loss trials among overweight or obese adults, in which the concentrations of individual and total SCFAs were assessed. A total of 9 studies consisting of 2 randomized parallel-arm trials, 4 crossover trials, and 3 nonrandomized clinical or surgical trials were included. In the majority of studies, changes in fecal SCFA concentrations were assessed, whereas changes in serum SCFAs were reported from 1 trial. Individual and total SCFA concentrations either remained unchanged or decreased significantly following weight loss. Three of the dietary interventions that resulted in decreased SCFA concentrations were low (≤5% of energy) in total carbohydrates. Most of the studies had a high risk of bias. Decreases in SCFA concentrations may accompany weight loss induced by bariatric surgery or dietary restriction among overweight or obese adults, particularly when carbohydrate intake is reduced. However, findings were inconsistent and based on studies with high to unclear risk of bias, and small sample sizes. Because measurements of fecal SCFAs may not be ideal due to limited sample standardization, well-powered trials with repeated blood measurements of SCFAs are required. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42018088716.

scholarly journals Eating behaviors and weight loss outcomes in a 12-month randomized trial of diet and/or exercise intervention in postmenopausal women

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Mason ◽  
Jean de Dieu Tapsoba ◽  
Catherine Duggan ◽  
Ching-Yun Wang ◽  
Catherine M. Alfano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Dietary Weight Loss ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Abstract Background Certain eating behaviors are common among women with obesity. Whether these behaviors influence outcomes in weight loss programs, and whether such programs affect eating behaviors, is unclear. Methods Our aim was to examine the effect of baseline eating behaviors on intervention adherence and weight among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity, and to assess intervention effects on eating behaviors. Four hundred and 39 women (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) were randomized to 12 months of: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal (‘diet’; n = 118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 225 mins/week (‘exercise’; n = 117); iii) combined dietary weight loss and exercise (‘diet + exercise’; n = 117); or iv) no-lifestyle change control (n = 87). At baseline and 12 months, restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and binge eating were measured by questionnaire; weight and body composition were assessed. The mean change in eating behavior scores and weight between baseline and 12 months in the diet, exercise, and diet + exercise arms were each compared to controls using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) modification of linear regression adjusted for age, baseline BMI, and race/ethnicity. Results Baseline restrained eating was positively associated with change in total calories and calories from fat during the dietary intervention but not with other measures of adherence. Higher baseline restrained eating was associated with greater 12-month reductions in weight, waist circumference, body fat and lean mass. Women randomized to dietary intervention had significant reductions in binge eating (− 23.7%, p = 0.005 vs. control), uncontrolled eating (− 24.3%, p < 0.001 vs. control), and emotional eating (− 31.7%, p < 0.001 vs. control) scores, and a significant increase in restrained eating (+ 60.6%, p < 0.001 vs. control); women randomized to diet + exercise reported less uncontrolled eating (− 26.0%, p < 0.001 vs. control) and emotional eating (− 22.0%, p = 0.004 vs. control), and increased restrained eating (+ 41.4%, p < 0.001 vs. control). Women randomized to exercise alone had no significant change in eating behavior scores compared to controls. Conclusions A dietary weight loss intervention helped women modify eating behaviors. Future research should investigate optimal behavioral weight loss interventions for women with both disordered eating and obesity. Trial registration NCT00470119 (https://clinicaltrials.gov). Retrospectively registered May 7, 2007.

scholarly journals The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1331-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
C S Byrne ◽  
E S Chambers ◽  
D J Morrison ◽  
G Frost
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Similar Weight Loss Induces Greater Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity and Liver Function among Individuals with NAFLD Compared to Individuals without NAFLD

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Schübel ◽  
Tobias Nonnenmacher ◽  
Disorn Sookthai ◽  
Sandra Gonzalez Maldonado ◽  
Solomon Sowah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Liver Fat Content ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that weight loss among obese has differential metabolic effects depending on the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We assessed whether NAFLD predisposes to differential changes in liver fat content, liver function, and metabolic parameters upon diet-induced weight loss in a 50-week intervention trial. Methods: 143 overweight and obese non-smokers underwent a 12-week dietary intervention and a 38-week follow-up. Diet-induced changes in anthropometric measures, circulating biomarkers, and magnetic resonance (MR)-derived liver fat content and adipose tissue volumes were evaluated by mixed linear models stratifying by NAFLD at baseline. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD at baseline was 52%. Diet-induced weight loss after 12 (NAFLD: 4.8 ± 0.5%, No NAFLD: 5.1 ± 0.5%) and 50 weeks (NAFLD: 3.5 ± 0.7%, No NAFLD: 3.5 ± 0.9%) was similar in both groups, while the decrease in liver fat was significantly greater in the NAFLD group (week 12: 32.9 ± 9.5% vs. 6.3 ± 4.0%; week 50: 23.3 ± 4.4% vs. 5.0 ± 4.2%). Decreases in biomarkers of liver dysfunction (GGT, ALT, AST) and HOMA IR were also significantly greater in the NAFLD group. Other metabolic parameters showed no significant differences. Conclusion: Our data suggest that individuals with NAFLD show greater improvements of liver function and insulin sensitivity after moderate diet-induced weight loss than individuals without NAFLD.

scholarly journals Changes in Faecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids after Weight-Loss Interventions in Subjects with Morbid Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per G Farup ◽  
Jørgen Valeur
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gut microbiota and their metabolites, e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are associated with obesity. The primary aims were to study faecal SCFA levels and the changes in SCFA levels after weight-loss interventions in subjects with obesity, and secondarily, to study factors associated with the faecal SCFA levels. In total, 90 subjects (men / women: 15/75) with a mean age of 44.4 (SD 8.4) years, BMI 41.7 (SD 3.7) kg/m2 and morbid obesity (BMI > 40 or > 35 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications) were included. Faecal SCFA and other variables were measured at inclusion and after a six-month conservative weight-loss intervention followed by bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or gastric sleeve). Six months after surgery, the total amount of SCFA was reduced, the total and relative amounts of the main straight SCFA (acetic-, propionic-, and butyric- acids) were reduced, and the total and relative amounts of branched SCFA (isobutyric-, isovaleric-, and isocaproic- acids) were increased. The changes indicate a shift toward a proteolytic fermentation pattern with unfavorable health effects. The amount of SCFA was associated with the diet but not with metabolic markers or makers of the faecal microbiota composition. Dietary interventions could counteract the unfavorable effects.

Analyses of short-chain fatty acids and exhaled breath volatiles in dietary intervention trials for metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 153537022097995
Author(s):  
Jisun HJ Lee ◽  
Jiangjiang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

As an alternative to pharmacological treatment to diseases, lifestyle interventions, such as dietary changes and physical activities, can help maintain healthy metabolic conditions. Recently, the emerging analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from plasma/feces have been considered as useful tools for the diagnosis and mechanistic understanding of metabolic diseases. Furthermore, diet-induced changes of SCFAs in individuals with diagnosed metabolic abnormalities have been correlated with the composition changes of the gut microbiome. More interestingly, the analysis of exhaled breath (breathomics) has gained attention as a useful technique to measure the human VOC profile altered as a result of dietary interventions. In this mini-review, we examined recent clinical trials that performed promising dietary interventions, SCFAs analysis in plasma/feces, and VOC profile analysis in exhaling breath to understand the relationship between dietary intervention and metabolic health.

scholarly journals The effect of weight loss on quality of life in obese adults: A study using physical activity and dietary intervention

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Yi Lee ◽  
WM Wan Abdul Manan ◽  
A.J. Rohana ◽  
W.B. Wan Mohamad ◽  
H. Ruhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Obese Adults

Metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations to an 8-week lifestyle weight loss intervention in younger and older obese men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Vion ◽  
Veronika Sramkova ◽  
Emilie Montastier ◽  
Marie-Adeline Marques ◽  
Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Obese Adults

The number of older obese adults is increasing worldwide. Whether obese adults show similar health benefits in response to lifestyle interventions at different ages is unknown. The study enrolled 25 obese men (BMI 31-39 kg/m2) in two arms according to age (30-40 and 60-70 years old). Participants underwent an 8-week intervention with moderate calorie restriction (~20% below individual energy requirements) and supervised endurance training resulting in ~5% weight loss. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was assessed during a hypersinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Cardiometabolic profile was derived from blood parameters. Subcutaneous fat and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were used for ex vivo analyses. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the response to lifestyle intervention and comparison between the two groups. Fat mass was decreased and bone mass was preserved in the two groups after intervention. Muscle mass decreased significantly in older obese men. Cardiovascular risk (Framingham risk score, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol) and insulin sensitivity were greatly improved to a similar extent in the two age groups after intervention. Changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle transcriptomes were marginal. Analysis of the differential response to the lifestyle intervention showed tenuous differences between age groups. These data suggest that lifestyle intervention combining calorie restriction and exercise shows similar beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk and insulin sensitivity in younger and older obese men. However, attention must be paid to potential loss of muscle mass in response to weight loss in older obese men.

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